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Akbar had both the time and inclination to, look at the administrative problems of the, , Empire. In this context describe briefly., , His Mansabdari System, , Mansabdari System:, , Akbar introduced the mansabdari system, to organise his armed forces more, effectively. All imperial officers except the, qazis and sadars, were enrolled as, members of mansabdari system and were, reuined to maintain some troops, proportionate, to their ranks. The, Mansabdari held their appointments, directly from the emperor. They got their, remuneration in cash not in the form of, land grants. In addition to meeting their, personal expenses, the Mansabdar had to, maintain out of his salary a required quota, , of horses. elephants mules and carts. The

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Mughal Mansabdari were required to serve, in whatever place or capacity the Emperor, desired. They acted both as military, , commanders and civil administrators. By, , giving them handsome salaries and high, status, Akbar was able to recruit men of, remarkable capabilities to the service of, the empire. Mansabdari status was not, hereditary. The Mansabdars could be, , promoted or dismissed by the Emperor., , His Land Revenue system ee, , No efforts were made to improve the land, system prevailing in the country in the, early part of Akbar’s reign. It was only after,, when Todar Mai became the Diwan-iAshraf (head of the land revenue, , department.) Todar mal devised a system, , based on, , 1. A survey and measurement of land,

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2. classification of land according to its, productive capacity, and, 3. fixation of rates payable in cash or, , kind by the cultivators., , Another important change that Akbar, made was the introduction of the dahsala, system. Under this system the average, produce of different kinds of lands as well, as the prices of the last ten (dah) years, were collected from the government, records. The land revenue was fixed at, one- third of the average produce. The, benefit of the system was that there was, now no necessity of settling the land, revenue every year. The work of revenue, collection was therefore expedited. In brief,, Todar Mal started a system that enriched, the state treasury without impoverishing, the cultivators. The state advanced loans, , 10 the needy farmers. As a result,, , ~~

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agriculture Tlourisnead that Doosted trade, , and industry also., , Aurangzeb died forlorn and destitute. In this, context, the given headlines are explained as, under: (a) His dealings with the Sikh Gurus:, Aurangzeb was a fanatic Fundamentalist (Sunni), Muslim ruler. He adopted a rigid policy,, especially for the Hindus and emphatically, converted them into Islam. The Hindu pandits, from Kashmir, approached the Ninth Sikh Guru,, Guru Tegh Bahadar at Anandpur Sahib in Punjab, and they grieved and sought the help of the Guru, to relieve them from the atrocities of Aurangzeb., Aurangzeb got infuriated at this act of the Guru, to assist the Kashmiri, pandits. He captured, Guru Tegh Bahadar and took him to Delhi. He, kept forth the option of embracing Islam or, facing death before the Guru. Seeing the Guru, not converting his denomination and denying to, adopt the Islam religion, Aurangzeb beheaded, the Guru openly at a place called Chandani, Chowk in Delhi. Now, there is erected the, Gurudwara Sisganj in the memory of the

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martyred Sikh Guru, Guru Tegh Bahadar. In 1704,, the Mughals attacked the fort of Anandpur, a, fierce battle was fought between the Sikhs and, the Mughals. Guru Gobind Singh, who led the, Sikh warriors, fought heroically. His two sons, Zorawar Singh and Fateh Singh, were captured, and were bricked alive when they refused to, adopt Islam. The Guru's last encounter with, Mughal forces took place at the battlefield of, Muktsar, it claimed a huge loss of lives of the, soldiers. Thus, an unending enmity existed, between the Mughals and the Sikhs that, continued even after the departing of Guru, , Gobind Singh. Bespoke, , (b) His attempts to suppress rebellion in the, Deccan: Shivaji was succeeded by his elder son, Shambhaji. A new dimension that was added to, the events in Deccan was the arrival of the rebel, Prince Akbar at the Maratha Court. Aurangzeb, feared that the Prince, the Marathas and the, Sultans of Bijapur and Golconda could forge an, alliance against the Empire. He therefore,, reached the Deccan in 1681. He sought to crush, the Marathas, but his efforts did not bear the, desired results. He could annex Bijapur in 1686