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271, , tt ©, o N, be C, E, re R, pu T, bl, is, he, , P ROBABILLITY, , CHAPTER 15, , PROBABILITY, , It is remarkable that a science, which began with the consideration of, games of chance, should be elevated to the rank of the most important, subject of human knowledge., —Pierre Simon Laplace, , 15.1 Introduction, , In everyday life, we come across statements such as, (1) It will probably rain today., , (2) I doubt that he will pass the test., , (3) Most probably, Kavita will stand first in the annual examination., , (4) Chances are high that the prices of diesel will go up., , (5) There is a 50-50 chance of India winning a toss in today’s match., , The words ‘probably’, ‘doubt’, ‘most probably’, ‘chances’, etc., used in the, statements above involve an element of uncertainty. For example, in (1), ‘probably, rain’ will mean it may rain or may not rain today. We are predicting rain today based, on our past experience when it rained under similar conditions. Similar predictions are, also made in other cases listed in (2) to (5)., The uncertainty of ‘probably’ etc can be measured numerically by means of, ‘probability’ in many cases., , no, , Though probability started with gambling, it has been used extensively in the fields, of Physical Sciences, Commerce, Biological Sciences, Medical Sciences, Weather, Forecasting, etc., , File Name : C:\Computer Station\Maths-IX\Chapter\Chap-15\Chap-15 (02-01-2006).PM65
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272, , MATHEMATICS, , 15.2 Probability – an Experimental Approach, , tt ©, o N, be C, E, re R, pu T, bl, is, he, , In earlier classes, you have had a glimpse of probability when you performed, experiments like tossing of coins, throwing of dice, etc., and observed their outcomes., You will now learn to measure the chance of occurrence of a particular outcome in an, experiment., The concept of probability developed in a very, strange manner. In 1654, a gambler Chevalier, de Mere, approached the well-known 17th, century French philosopher and mathematician, Blaise Pascal regarding certain dice problems., Pascal became interested in these problems,, studied them and discussed them with another, French mathematician, Pierre de Fermat. Both, Pascal and Fermat solved the problems, independently. This work was the beginning, of Probability Theory., , Blaise Pascal, Pierre de Fermat, (1623–1662), (1601–1665), Fig. 15.1, Fig. 15.2, The first book on the subject was written by the Italian mathematician, J.Cardan, (1501–1576). The title of the book was ‘Book on Games of Chance’ (Liber de Ludo, Aleae), published in 1663. Notable contributions were also made by mathematicians, J. Bernoulli (1654–1705), P. Laplace (1749–1827), A.A. Markov (1856–1922) and A.N., Kolmogorov (born 1903)., , Activity 1 : (i) Take any coin, toss it ten times and note down the number of times a, head and a tail come up. Record your observations in the form of the following table, Table 15.1, , Number of times, the coin is tossed, , Number of times, head comes up, , Number of times, tail comes up, , 10, , —, , —, , Write down the values of the following fractions:, , no, , Number of times a head comes up, Total number of time s the coin is tossed, , and, , Number of times a tail comes up, Total number of times the coin is tossed, , File Name : C:\Computer Station\Maths-IX\Chapter\Chap-15\Chap-15 (02-01-2006).PM65
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P ROBABILLITY, , 273, , (ii) Toss the coin twenty times and in the same way record your observations as, above. Again find the values of the fractions given above for this collection of, observations., , tt ©, o N, be C, E, re R, pu T, bl, is, he, , (iii) Repeat the same experiment by increasing the number of tosses and record, the number of heads and tails. Then find the values of the corresponding, fractions., , You will find that as the number of tosses gets larger, the values of the fractions, come closer to 0.5. To record what happens in more and more tosses, the following, group activity can also be performed:, , Acitivity 2 : Divide the class into groups of 2 or 3 students. Let a student in each, group toss a coin 15 times. Another student in each group should record the observations, regarding heads and tails. [Note that coins of the same denomination should be used in, all the groups. It will be treated as if only one coin has been tossed by all the groups.], Now, on the blackboard, make a table like Table 15.2. First, Group 1 can write, down its observations and calculate the resulting fractions. Then Group 2 can write, down its observations, but will calculate the fractions for the combined data of Groups, 1 and 2, and so on. (We may call these fractions as cumulative fractions.) We have, noted the first three rows based on the observations given by one class of students., Table 15.2, , Group, , (1), , Number, of, heads, (2), , Number, of, tails, (3), , 1, , 3, , 12, , 2, , 7, , 8, , 3, , 7, , 8, , 4, , M, , M, , Cumulative number of heads Cumulative number of tails, Total number of times, the coin is tossed, (4), 3, 15, 73, 10, , 15 15 30, 7 10, 17, , 15 30 45, M, , Total number of times, the coin is tossed, (5), 12, 15, 8 12, , 15 15, 8 20, , 15 30, , 20, 30, 28, 45, , M, , no, , What do you observe in the table? You will find that as the total number of tosses, of the coin increases, the values of the fractions in Columns (4) and (5) come nearer, and nearer to 0.5., , Activity 3 : (i) Throw a die* 20 times and note down the number of times the numbers, *A die is a well balanced cube with its six faces marked with numbers from 1 to 6, one number, on one face. Sometimes dots appear in place of numbers., , File Name : C:\Computer Station\Maths-IX\Chapter\Chap-15\Chap-15 (02-01-2006).PM65
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274, , MATHEMATICS, , 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 come up. Record your observations in the form of a table, as in Table 15.3:, Table 15.3, Number of times these scores turn up, , tt ©, o N, be C, E, re R, pu T, bl, is, he, , Number of times a die is thrown, 1, , 2, , 3, , 4, , 5, , 6, , 20, , Find the values of the following fractions:, , Number of times 1 turned up, Total number of times the die is thrown, , Number of times 2 turned up, Total number of times the die is thrown, M, M, , Number of times 6 turned up, Total number of times the die is thrown, , no, , (ii) Now throw the die 40 times, record the observations and calculate the fractions, as done in (i)., As the number of throws of the die increases, you will find that the value of each, 1, fraction calculated in (i) and (ii) comes closer and closer to ., 6, To see this, you could perform a group activity, as done in Activity 2. Divide the, students in your class, into small groups. One student in each group should throw a die, ten times. Observations should be noted and cumulative fractions should be calculated., The values of the fractions for the number 1 can be recorded in Table 15.4. This, table can be extended to write down fractions for the other numbers also or other, tables of the same kind can be created for the other numbers., , File Name : C:\Computer Station\Maths-IX\Chapter\Chap-15\Chap-15 (02-01-2006).PM65
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P ROBABILLITY, , 275, , Table 15.4, Total number of times a die, , Cumulative number of times 1 turned up, , (1), , is thrown in a group, (2), , Total number of times the die is thrown, (3), , 1, , —, , —, , 2, , —, , —, , 3, , —, , —, , 4, , —, , —, , tt ©, o N, be C, E, re R, pu T, bl, is, he, , Group, , The dice used in all the groups should be almost the same in size and appearence., Then all the throws will be treated as throws of the same die., What do you observe in these tables?, , You will find that as the total number of throws gets larger, the fractions in, 1, Column (3) move closer and closer to ., 6, Activity 4 : (i) Toss two coins simultaneously ten times and record your, observations in the form of a table as given below:, Table 15.5, , Number of times the, two coins are tossed, , Number of times, no head comes up, , Number of times, one head comes up, , Number of times, two heads come up, , 10, , —, , —, , —, , no, , Write down the fractions:, A=, , Number of times no head comes up, Total number of times two coins are tossed, , B=, , Number of times one head comes up, Total number of times two coins are tossed, , C=, , Number of times two heads come up, Total number of times two coins are tossed, , Calculate the values of these fractions., , File Name : C:\Computer Station\Maths-IX\Chapter\Chap-15\Chap-15 (02-01-2006).PM65
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276, , MATHEMATICS, , Now increase the number of tosses (as in Activitiy 2). You will find that the more, the number of tosses, the closer are the values of A, B and C to 0.25, 0.5 and 0.25,, respectively., , tt ©, o N, be C, E, re R, pu T, bl, is, he, , In Activity 1, each toss of a coin is called a trial. Similarly in Activity 3, each, throw of a die is a trial, and each simultaneous toss of two coins in Activity 4 is also a, trial., , So, a trial is an action which results in one or several outcomes. The possible, outcomes in Activity 1 were Head and Tail; whereas in Activity 3, the possible outcomes, were 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6., In Activity 1, the getting of a head in a particular throw is an event with outcome, ‘head’. Similarly, getting a tail is an event with outcome ‘tail’. In Activity 2, the, getting of a particular number, say 1, is an event with outcome 1., , If our experiment was to throw the die for getting an even number, then the event, would consist of three outcomes, namely, 2, 4 and 6., So, an event for an experiment is the collection of some outcomes of the experiment., In Class X, you will study a more formal definition of an event., So, can you now tell what the events are in Activity 4?, , With this background, let us now see what probability is. Based on what we directly, observe as the outcomes of our trials, we find the experimental or empirical probability., , Let n be the total number of trials. The empirical probability P(E) of an event E, happening, is given by, , Number of trials in which the event happened, The total number of trials, In this chapter, we shall be finding the empirical probability, though we will write, ‘probability’ for convenience., P(E) =, , Let us consider some examples., , no, , To start with let us go back to Activity 2, and Table 15.2. In Column (4) of this, table, what is the fraction that you calculated? Nothing, but it is the empirical probability, of getting a head. Note that this probability kept changing depending on the number of, trials and the number of heads obtained in these trials. Similarly, the empirical probability, 12, of getting a tail is obtained in Column (5) of Table 15.2. This is, to start with, then, 15, 2, 28, , and so on., it is , then, 3, 45, So, the empirical probability depends on the number of trials undertaken, and the, number of times the outcomes you are looking for coming up in these trials., , File Name : C:\Computer Station\Maths-IX\Chapter\Chap-15\Chap-15 (02-01-2006).PM65
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P ROBABILLITY, , 277, , Activity 5 : Before going further, look at the tables you drew up while doing, Activity 3. Find the probabilities of getting a 3 when throwing a die a certain number, of times. Also, show how it changes as the number of trials increases., , tt ©, o N, be C, E, re R, pu T, bl, is, he, , Now let us consider some other examples., Example 1 : A coin is tossed 1000 times with the following frequencies:, Head : 455, Tail : 545, Compute the probability for each event., , Solution : Since the coin is tossed 1000 times, the total number of trials is 1000. Let us, call the events of getting a head and of getting a tail as E and F, respectively. Then, the, number of times E happens, i.e., the number of times a head come up, is 455., So,, , i.e.,, , Number of heads, Total number of trials, 455, P (E) =, = 0.455, 1000, , the probability of E =, , Number of tails, Total number of trials, 545, P(F) =, = 0.545, 1000, , Similarly, the probability of the event of getting a tail =, , i.e.,, , Note that in the example above, P(E) + P(F) = 0.455 + 0.545 = 1, and E and F are, the only two possible outcomes of each trial., , Example 2 : Two coins are tossed simultaneously 500 times, and we get, Two heads : 105 times, One head : 275 times, , No head : 120 times, , Find the probability of occurrence of each of these events., , no, , Solution : Let us denote the events of getting two heads, one head and no head by E1,, E2 and E3 , respectively. So,, 105, = 0.21, P(E 1) =, 500, 275, P(E 2) =, = 0.55, 500, 120, P(E 3) =, = 0.24, 500, , File Name : C:\Computer Station\Maths-IX\Chapter\Chap-15\Chap-15 (02-01-2006).PM65
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278, , MATHEMATICS, , Observe that P(E1) + P(E 2) + P(E3) = 1. Also E1, E2 and E3 cover all the outcomes, of a trial., , tt ©, o N, be C, E, re R, pu T, bl, is, he, , Example 3 : A die is thrown 1000 times with the frequencies for the outcomes 1, 2, 3,, 4, 5 and 6 as given in the following table :, Table 15.6, , Outcome, , Frequency, , 1, , 2, , 3, , 4, , 5, , 6, , 179, , 150, , 157, , 149, , 175, , 190, , Find the probability of getting each outcome., , Solution : Let Ei denote the event of getting the outcome i, where i = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6., Then, Probability of the outcome 1 =, , P(E1) =, , =, , Similarly,, , and, , Frequency of 1, Total number of times the die is thrown, , 179, = 0.179, 1000, , P(E2) =, , 150, 157, = 0.15, P(E3) =, = 0.157,, 1000, 1000, , P(E4) =, , 149, 175, = 0.149, P(E5) =, = 0.175, 1000, 1000, , 190, = 0.19., 1000, Note that P(E1) + P(E2 ) + P(E3) + P(E 4) + P(E5 ) + P(E6) = 1, P(E6) =, , Also note that:, , (i) The probability of each event lies between 0 and 1., (ii) The sum of all the probabilities is 1., , (iii) E1, E2 , . . ., E6 cover all the possible outcomes of a trial., , no, , Example 4 : On one page of a telephone directory, there were 200 telephone numbers., The frequency distribution of their unit place digit (for example, in the number 25828573,, the unit place digit is 3) is given in Table 15.7 :, , File Name : C:\Computer Station\Maths-IX\Chapter\Chap-15\Chap-15 (02-01-2006).PM65
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P ROBABILLITY, , 279, , Table 15.7, 0, , 1, , 2, , 3, , 4, , 5, , 6, , 7, , 8, , 9, , Frequency, , 22, , 26, , 22, , 22, , 20, , 10, , 14, , 28, , 16, , 20, , tt ©, o N, be C, E, re R, pu T, bl, is, he, , Digit, , Without looking at the page, the pencil is placed on one of these numbers, i.e., the, number is chosen at random. What is the probability that the digit in its unit place is 6?, Solution : The probability of digit 6 being in the unit place, =, , Frequency of 6, Total number of selected telephone numbers, , =, , 14, = 0.07, 200, , You can similarly obtain the empirical probabilities of the occurrence of the numbers, having the other digits in the unit place., , Example 5 : The record of a weather station shows that out of the past 250 consecutive, days, its weather forecasts were correct 175 times., (i) What is the probability that on a given day it was correct?, , (ii) What is the probability that it was not correct on a given day?, , Solution : The total number of days for which the record is available = 250, (i), , (ii), , P(the forecast was correct on a given day), =, , Number of days when the forecast was correct, Total number of days for which the record is available, , =, , 175, = 0.7, 250, , The number of days when the forecast was not correct = 250 – 175 = 75, , So, P(the forecast was not correct on a given day) =, , 75, = 0.3, 250, , Notice that:, , no, , P(forecast was correct on a given day) + P(forecast was not correct on a given day), = 0.7 + 0.3 = 1, , File Name : C:\Computer Station\Maths-IX\Chapter\Chap-15\Chap-15 (02-01-2006).PM65
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280, , MATHEMATICS, , Example 6 : A tyre manufacturing company kept a record of the distance covered, before a tyre needed to be replaced. The table shows the results of 1000 cases., Table 15.8, , tt ©, o N, be C, E, re R, pu T, bl, is, he, , Distance (in km) less than 4000 4000 to 9000 9001 to 14000 more than 14000, Frequency, , 20, , 210, , 325, , 445, , If you buy a tyre of this company, what is the probability that :, , (i) it will need to be replaced before it has covered 4000 km?, (ii) it will last more than 9000 km?, , (iii) it will need to be replaced after it has covered somewhere between 4000 km, and 14000 km?, , Solution : (i) The total number of trials = 1000., , The frequency of a tyre that needs to be replaced before it covers 4000 km is 20., , 20, = 0.02, 1000, (ii) The frequency of a tyre that will last more than 9000 km is 325 + 445 = 770, So, P(tyre to be replaced before it covers 4000 km) =, , 770, = 0.77, 1000, (iii) The frequency of a tyre that requires replacement between 4000 km and, 14000 km is 210 + 325 = 535., So, P(tyre will last more than 9000 km) =, , So, P(tyre requiring replacement between 4000 km and 14000 km) =, , 535, = 0.535, 1000, , Example 7 : The percentage of marks obtained by a student in the monthly unit tests, are given below:, Table 15.9, , Unit test, , II, , III, , IV, , V, , 69, , 71, , 73, , 68, , 74, , no, , Percentage of, marks obtained, , I, , Based on this data, find the probability that the student gets more than 70% marks in, a unit test., , File Name : C:\Computer Station\Maths-IX\Chapter\Chap-15\Chap-15 (02-01-2006).PM65
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P ROBABILLITY, , 281, , Solution : The total number of unit tests held is 5., The number of unit tests in which the student obtained more than 70% marks is 3., , 3, = 0.6, 5, , tt ©, o N, be C, E, re R, pu T, bl, is, he, , So, P(scoring more than 70% marks) =, , Example 8 : An insurance company selected 2000 drivers at random (i.e., without, any preference of one driver over another) in a particular city to find a relationship, between age and accidents. The data obtained are given in the following table:, Table 15.10, , Age of drivers, (in years), , Accidents in one year, , 0, , 1, , 2, , 3, , over 3, , 18 - 29, , 440, , 160, , 110, , 61, , 35, , 30 - 50, , 505, , 125, , 60, , 22, , 18, , Above 50, , 360, , 45, , 35, , 15, , 9, , Find the probabilities of the following events for a driver chosen at random from the, city:, (i) being 18-29 years of age and having exactly 3 accidents in one year., (ii) being 30-50 years of age and having one or more accidents in a year., , (iii) having no accidents in one year., , Solution : Total number of drivers = 2000., (i) The number of drivers who are 18-29 years old and have exactly 3 accidents, in one year is 61., 61, So, P (driver is 18-29 years old with exactly 3 accidents) =, 2000, = 0.0305 ≈ 0.031, (ii) The number of drivers 30-50 years of age and having one or more accidents, in one year = 125 + 60 + 22 + 18 = 225, , no, , So, P(driver is 30-50 years of age and having one or more accidents), 225, =, = 0.1125 ≈ 0.113, 2000, (iii) The number of drivers having no accidents in one year = 440 + 505 + 360, , File Name : C:\Computer Station\Maths-IX\Chapter\Chap-15\Chap-15 (02-01-2006).PM65, , = 1305
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282, , MATHEMATICS, , Therefore, P(drivers with no accident) =, , 1305, = 0.653, 2000, , tt ©, o N, be C, E, re R, pu T, bl, is, he, , Example 9 : Consider the frequency distribution table (Table 14.3, Example 4,, Chapter 14), which gives the weights of 38 students of a class., (i) Find the probability that the weight of a student in the class lies in the interval, 46-50 kg., , (ii) Give two events in this context, one having probability 0 and the other having, probability 1., , Solution : (i) The total number of students is 38, and the number of students with, weight in the interval 46 - 50 kg is 3., 3, So, P(weight of a student is in the interval 46 - 50 kg) =, = 0.079, 38, (ii) For instance, consider the event that a student weighs 30 kg. Since no student has, this weight, the probability of occurrence of this event is 0. Similarly, the probability, 38, = 1., of a student weighing more than 30 kg is, 38, Example 10 : Fifty seeds were selected at random from each of 5 bags of seeds, and, were kept under standardised conditions favourable to germination. After 20 days, the, number of seeds which had germinated in each collection were counted and recorded, as follows:, Table 15.11, , Bag, , 1, , 2, , 3, , 4, , 5, , Number of seeds, germinated, , 40, , 48, , 42, , 39, , 41, , What is the probability of germination of, (i), , more than 40 seeds in a bag?, , (ii) 49 seeds in a bag?, , (iii) more that 35 seeds in a bag?, , Solution : Total number of bags is 5., , Number of bags in which more than 40 seeds germinated out of 50 seeds is 3., , no, , (i), , P(germination of more than 40 seeds in a bag) =, , , = 0.6, 5, , File Name : C:\Computer Station\Maths-IX\Chapter\Chap-15\Chap-15 (02-01-2006).PM65
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P ROBABILLITY, , 283, , (ii) Number of bags in which 49 seeds germinated = 0., , 0, = 0., 5, (iii) Number of bags in which more than 35 seeds germinated = 5., , tt ©, o N, be C, E, re R, pu T, bl, is, he, , P(germination of 49 seeds in a bag) =, , 5, = 1., 5, Remark : In all the examples above, you would have noted that the probability of an, event can be any fraction from 0 to 1., So, the required probability =, , EXERCISE 15.1, , 1., , In a cricket match, a batswoman hits a boundary 6 times out of 30 balls she plays. Find, the probability that she did not hit a boundary., , 2., , 1500 families with 2 children were selected randomly, and the following data were, recorded:, Number of girls in a family, , Number of families, , 2, , 1, , 0, , 475, , 814, , 211, , Compute the probability of a family, chosen at random, having, (i), , 2 girls, , (ii) 1 girl, , (iii) No girl, , Also check whether the sum of these probabilities is 1., , 3., , Refer to Example 5, Section 14.4, Chapter 14. Find the probability that a student of the, class was born in August., , 4., , Three coins are tossed simultaneously 200 times with the following frequencies of, different outcomes:, Outcome, , Frequency, , 3 heads, , 2 heads, , 1 head, , No head, , 23, , 72, , 77, , 28, , If the three coins are simultaneously tossed again, compute the probability of 2 heads, coming up., , An organisation selected 2400 families at random and surveyed them to determine a, relationship between income level and the number of vehicles in a family. The, , no, , 5., , File Name : C:\Computer Station\Maths-IX\Chapter\Chap-15\Chap-15 (02-01-2006).PM65
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284, , MATHEMATICS, information gathered is listed in the table below:, Monthly income, (in `), , Vehicles per family, 1, , 2, , Above 2, , tt ©, o N, be C, E, re R, pu T, bl, is, he, , 0, , Less than 7000, , 10, , 160, , 25, , 0, , 7000 – 10000, , 0, , 305, , 27, , 2, , 10000 – 13000, , 1, , 535, , 29, , 1, , 13000 – 16000, , 2, , 469, , 59, , 25, , 16000 or more, , 1, , 579, , 82, , 88, , Suppose a family is chosen. Find the probability that the family chosen is, (i), , earning ` 10000 – 13000 per month and owning exactly 2 vehicles., , (ii), , earning ` 16000 or more per month and owning exactly 1 vehicle., , (iii) earning less than ` 7000 per month and does not own any vehicle., , (iv) earning ` 13000 – 16000 per month and owning more than 2 vehicles., (v), , 6., , 7., , owning not more than 1 vehicle., , Refer to Table 14.7, Chapter 14., (i), , Find the probability that a student obtained less than 20% in the mathematics, test., , (ii), , Find the probability that a student obtained marks 60 or above., , To know the opinion of the students about the subject statistics, a survey of 200, students was conducted. The data is recorded in the following table., Opinion, like, , dislike, , Number of students, 135, , 65, , Find the probability that a student chosen at random, (i), , 8., , likes statistics,, , (ii) does not like it., , Refer to Q.2, Exercise 14.2. What is the empirical probability that an engineer lives:, (i) less than 7 km from her place of work?, , no, , (ii), , more than or equal to 7 km from her place of work?, 1, (iii) within km from her place of work?, 2, , File Name : C:\Computer Station\Maths-IX\Chapter\Chap-15\Chap-15 (02-01-2006).PM65
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P ROBABILLITY, 9., , 285, , Activity : Note the frequency of two-wheelers, three-wheelers and four-wheelers, going past during a time interval, in front of your school gate. Find the probability, that any one vehicle out of the total vehicles you have observed is a two-wheeler., , tt ©, o N, be C, E, re R, pu T, bl, is, he, , 10. Activity : Ask all the students in your class to write a 3-digit number. Choose any, student from the room at random. What is the probability that the number written by, her/him is divisible by 3? Remember that a number is divisible by 3, if the sum of its, digits is divisible by 3., 11. Eleven bags of wheat flour, each marked 5 kg, actually contained the following weights, of flour (in kg):, 4.97, , 5.05 5.08, , 5.03, , 5.00 5.06, , 5.08, , 4.98, , 5.04 5.07, , 5.00, , Find the probability that any of these bags chosen at random contains more than 5 kg, of flour., , 12. In Q.5, Exercise 14.2, you were asked to prepare a frequency distribution table, regarding, the concentration of sulphur dioxide in the air in parts per million of a certain city for, 30 days. Using this table, find the probability of the concentration of sulphur dioxide, in the interval 0.12 - 0.16 on any of these days., , 13. In Q.1, Exercise 14.2, you were asked to prepare a frequency distribution table regarding, the blood groups of 30 students of a class. Use this table to determine the probability, that a student of this class, selected at random, has blood group AB., , 15.3 Summary, , In this chapter, you have studied the following points:, 1., , An event for an experiment is the collection of some outcomes of the experiment., , 2., , The empirical (or experimental) probability P(E) of an event E is given by, P(E) =, , The Probability of an event lies between 0 and 1 (0 and 1 inclusive)., , no, , 3., , Number of trials in which E has happened, Total number of trials, , File Name : C:\Computer Station\Maths-IX\Chapter\Chap-15\Chap-15 (02-01-2006).PM65
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325, , tt ©, o N, be C, E, re R, pu T, bl, is, he, , ANSWERS/HINTS, , APPENDIX 1, , ANSWERS/ HINTS, EXERCISE 1.1, , 1. Yes. 0 =, , 0 0 0, etc., denominator q can also be taken as negative integer., 1 2 3, , 2. There can be infinitely many rationals betwen numbers 3 and 4, one way is to take them, 3=, , 3., , 21 ,, 28 ., 22 23 24 25 26 27 ., 4, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, Then the six numbers are, 6 1, 6 1, 7 7 7 7 7 7, , 31 32 33 34 35, 3 30 4 40 ., ,, ,, ,, ,, , , , , Therefore, five rationals are :, 50 50 50 50 50, 5 50 5 50, , 4. (i), , True, since the collection of whole numbers contains all the natural numbers., , (ii) False, for example – 2 is not a whole number., (iii) False, for example, , 1, is a rational number but not a whole number., 2, , EXERCISE 1.2, , 1. (i), , True, since collection of real numbers is made up of rational and irrational numbers., , (ii) False, no negative number can be the square root of any natural number., (iii) False, for example 2 is real but not irrational., , 2. No. For example,, , 4 = 2 is a rational number., , no, , 3. Repeat the procedure as in Fig. 1.8 several times. First obtain, , 4 and then, , 5.
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326, , MATHEMATICS, , EXERCISE 1.3, 1. (i), , 0.36, terminating., , (ii) 0.09 , non-terminating repeating., (iv) 0.230769 , non-terminating repeating., , tt ©, o N, be C, E, re R, pu T, bl, is, he, , (iii) 4.125, terminating., (v) 0.18 non-terminating repeating., , 2., , 2, 1, 2 0.285714,, 7, 7, , 5, 1, 5 0.714285,, 7, 7, , 3. (i), , (ii), , (vi) 0.8225 terminating., , 3, 1, 3 0.428571,, 7, 7, , 6, 1, 6 0.857142, 7, 7, , 2, [Let x = 0.666. . . So 10x = 6.666. . . or, 10x = 6 + x, 3, , 43, 90, , 4, 1, 4 0.571428,, 7, 7, , (iii), , or , x =, , 6 2, ], 9 3, , 1, 999, , 4. 1 [Let x = 0.9999. . . So 10 x = 9.999. . . or, 10 x = 9 + x or, x = 1], 5. 0.0588235294117647, , 6. The prime factorisation of q has only powers of 2 or powers of 5 or both., 7. 0.01001000100001. . ., 0.202002000200002. . ., 0.003000300003. . ., , 8. 0.75075007500075000075. . ., 0.767076700767000767. . ., 0.808008000800008. . ., 9. (i) and (v) irrational; (ii), (iii) and (iv) rational., , EXERCISE 1.4, , 1. Proceed as in Section 1.4 for 2.665., 2. Proceed as in Example 11., , EXERCISE 1.5, , 1. (i), , Irrational, , (ii) Rational, , (iii) Rational, , (iv) Irrational, , (v) Irrational, , 2. (i), , 63 22 3 6, , (ii) 6, , (iii) 7 2 10, , (iv) 3, , no, , 3. There is no contradiction. Remember that when you measure a length with a scale or any, other device, you only get an approximate rational value. So, you may not realise that, either c or d is irrational.
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ANSWERS/HINTS, , 327, , 4. Refer Fig. 1.17., 7, 7, , (ii), , 7 6, , (iii), , 5 2, 3, , 7 2, 3, , (iv), , tt ©, o N, be C, E, re R, pu T, bl, is, he, , 5. (i), , EXERCISE 1.6, , 1. (i), , 8 (ii) 2 (iii) 5, , 3. (i), , 215, , 1, 2. (i) 27 (ii) 4 (iii) 8 (iv) 5, 1, , 1, , (iii) 114, , (iv) 56 2, , 13, , (ii) 3–21, , 1, 1, , , , 3 3, 3, , (125), 5, 5–1 , , , , , EXERCISE 2.1, , 1. (i) and (ii) are polynomials in one variable, (v) is a polynomial in three variables,, , (iii), (iv) are not polynomials, because in each of these exponent of the variable is not a, whole number., , 2. (i), , 1, , (ii) –1, , 3. 3x35 – 4;, , (iii), , , , 2, , (iv) 0, , 2 y100 (You can write some more polynomials with different coefficients.), , 4. (i), , 3, , (ii) 2, , (iii) 1, , (iv) 0, , 5. (i), , quadratic, , (ii) cubic, , (iii) quadratic, , (iv) linear, , (v) linear, , (vi) quadratic, , (vii) cubic, , EXERCISE 2.2, , 1. (i), , 3, , (ii) –6, , (iii) –3, , 2. (i), , 1, 1, 3, , (ii) 2, 4, 4, , (iii) 0, 1, 8, , (iv) –1, 0, 3, , 3. (i), , Yes, , (ii) No, , (iii) Yes, , (iv) Yes, , (v) Yes, , (vi) Yes, , (vii) , , no, , 4. (i), , –5, , (v) 0, , 1, , 3, , is a zero, but, , 2, , 3, , (ii) 5, , (vi) 0, , is not a zero of the polynomial, 5, 2, d, (vii) , c, , (iii), , (viii) No, (iv), , 2, 3
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ANSWERS/HINTS, , (iii), , 329, , 27 3 27 2 9, x , x x 1, 8, 4, 2, , 970299, , (ii) 1061208, , 8. (i), , (2a + b)(2a + b)(2a + b), , 8 3, 4 xy 2, y 2 x2 y , 27, 3, , (iii) 994011992, (ii) (2a – b)(2a – b)(2a – b), , tt ©, o N, be C, E, re R, pu T, bl, is, he, , 7. (i), , 3, (iv) x , , (iii) (3 – 5a)(3 – 5a)(3 – 5a), , (iv) (4a – 3b)(4a – 3b)(4a – 3b), , 1 , 1 , 1, , (v) 3 p 3 p 3 p , 6 , 6 , 6, , , 10. (i) (3y + 5z) (9y2 + 25z2 – 15yz), , (ii) (4m – 7n) (16m2 + 49n2 + 28mn), , 11. (3x + y + z) (9x2 + y2 + z2 – 3xy – yz – 3xz), , 12. Simiplify RHS., , 13. Put x + y + z = 0 in Identity VIII., 14. (i), , –1260. Let a = –12, b = 7, c = 5. Here a + b + c = 0. Use the result given in Q13., , (ii) 16380, , 15. (i), , One possible answer is : Length = 5a – 3, Breadth = 5a – 4, , (ii) One possible answer is : Length = 7y – 3, Breadth = 5y + 4, , 16. (i), , One possible answer is : 3, x and x – 4., , (ii) One possible answer is : 4k, 3y + 5 and y – 1., , EXERCISE 3.1, , no, , 1. Consider the lamp as a point and table as a plane., Choose any two perpendicular edges of the table., Measure the distance of the lamp from the longer, edge, suppose it is 25 cm. Again, measure the, distance of the lamp from the shorter edge, and, suppose it is 30 cm. You can write the position of the, lamp as (30, 25) or (25, 30), depending on the order, you fix.
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330, , MATHEMATICS, , tt ©, o N, be C, E, re R, pu T, bl, is, he, , 2. The Street plan is shown in figure given below., , Both the cross-streets are marked in the figure above. They are uniquely found because, of the two reference lines we have used for locating them., , EXERCISE 3.2, , 1. (i) The x - axis and the y - axis, , (ii) Quadrants (iii) The origin, , 2. (i) (– 5, 2) (ii) (5, –5) (iii) E (iv) G (v) 6 (vi) – 3 (vii) (0, 5) (viii) (–3, 0), , EXERCISE 3.3, , no, , 1. The point (–2, 4) lies in, quadrant II, the point (3, –1), lies in the quadrant IV, the point, (– 1, 0) lies on the negative, x - axis, the point (1, 2) lies in, the quadrant I and the point, (–3, –5) lies in the quadrant III., Locations of the points are, shown in the adjoining figure.
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ANSWERS/HINTS, , 331, , tt ©, o N, be C, E, re R, pu T, bl, is, he, , 2. Positions of the points are shown, by dots in the adjoining figure., , EXERCISE 4.1, , 1. x – 2y = 0, 2. (i), , 2x + 3y – 9.35 = 0; a = 2, b = 3, c = – 9.35, , (ii) x –, , y, 1 ,, – 10 = 0; a = 1, b =, c = –10, 5, 5, , (iii) –2x + 3y – 6 = 0; a = –2, b = 3, c = –6, (iv) 1.x – 3y + 0 = 0; a = 1, b = –3, c = 0, (v) 2x + 5y + 0 = 0; a = 2, b = 5, c = 0, , (vi) 3x + 0.y + 2 = 0; a = 3, b = 0, c = 2, , (vii) 0.x + 1.y – 2 = 0; a = 0, b = 1, c = –2, , (viii) –2x + 0.y + 5 = 0; a = –2, b = 0, c = 5, , no, , EXERCISE 4.2, , 1. (iii), because for every value of x, there is a corresponding value of y and vice-versa.
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332, , MATHEMATICS, , 2. (i) (0, 7), (1, 5), (2, 3), (4, –1), , 9 , (ii) (1, 9 – π), (0, 9), (–1, 9 + π), , 0 , , , tt ©, o N, be C, E, re R, pu T, bl, is, he, , 1, (iii) (0, 0), (4, 1), (– 4, 1), 2, , 2, , 3. (i), , No, , (ii) No, , (iii) Yes, , (iv) No, , 4. 7, , EXERCISE 4.3, , 1. (i), , no, , (iii), , (ii), , (iv), , (v) No
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ANSWERS/HINTS, , 333, , 2. 7x – y = 0 and x + y = 16; infintely many [Through a, point infinitely many lines can be drawn], 5, 3, , 4. 5x – y + 3 = 0, , tt ©, o N, be C, E, re R, pu T, bl, is, he, , 3., , 5. For Fig. 4.6, x + y = 0 and for Fig. 4.7, y = –x + 2., , 6. Supposing x is the distance and y is the work done., Therefore according to the problem the equation will, be y = 5x., (i) 10 units, , no, , 7. x + y = 100, , (ii) 0 unit
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334, , MATHEMATICS, , 8. (i), , See adjacent figure., , (ii) 86º F, (iii) 35° C, , tt ©, o N, be C, E, re R, pu T, bl, is, he, , (iv) 32° F, –17.8° C (approximately), (v) Yes, – 40° (both in F and C), , EXERCISE 4.4, , 1. (i), , no, , (ii)
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ANSWERS/HINTS, , 335, , 2. (i), , tt ©, o N, be C, E, re R, pu T, bl, is, he, , (ii), , EXERCISE 5.1, , 1., , (i) False. This can be seen visually by the student., (ii) False. This contradicts Axiom 5.1., (iii) True. (Postulate 2), , (iv) True. If you superimpose the region bounded by one circle on the other, then they, coincide. So, their centres and boundaries coincide. Therefore, their radii will, coincide., (v) True. The first axiom of Euclid., , 3., , There are several undefined terms which the student should list. They are consistent,, because they deal with two different situations — (i) says that given two points A and, B, there is a point C lying on the line in between them; (ii) says that given A and B, you, can take C not lying on the line through A and B., These ‘postulates’ do not follow from Euclid’s postulates. However, they follow from, Axiom 5.1., , no, , 4., , AC = BC, , So,, , AC + AC = BC + AC, , (Equals are added to equals), , i.e.,, , 2AC = AB, , (BC + AC coincides with AB), , Therefore,, , AC =, , 1, AB, 2
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336, , MATHEMATICS, 5., , Make a temporary assumption that different points C and D are two mid-points of AB., Now, you show that points C and D are not two different points., AC = BD, , (Given) (1), , AC = AB + BC, , (Point B lies between A and C) (2), , BD = BC + CD, , (Point C lies between B and D), , (3), , tt ©, o N, be C, E, re R, pu T, bl, is, he, , 6., , Substituting (2) and (3) in (1), you get, , AB + BC = BC + CD, , So,, , 7., , AB = CD, , (Subtracting equals from equals), , Since this is true for any thing in any part of the world, this is a universal truth., , EXERCISE 5.2, , 1., , Any formulation the student gives should be discussed in the class for its validity., , 2., , If a straight line l falls on two straight lines m and n such that sum of the interior angles, on one side of l is two right angles, then by Euclid’s fifth postulate the line will not meet, on this side of l. Next, you know that the sum of the interior angles on the other side of, line l will also be two right angles. Therefore, they will not meet on the other side also., So, the lines m and n never meet and are, therefore, parallel., , EXERCISE 6.1, , 1., , 30°, 250°, , 2. 126°, , 4. Sum of all the angles at a point = 360°, , 5., , ∠ QOS = ∠ SOR + ∠ ROQ and ∠ POS = ∠ POR – ∠ SOR., , 6. 122°, 302°, , EXERCISE 6.2, , 1., , 130°, 130°, , 2. 126°, , 3. 126°, 36°, 54°, , 4. 60°, , 5. 50°, 77°, , 6., , Angle of incidence = Angle of reflection. At point B, draw BE ⊥ PQ and at point C,, draw CF ⊥ RS., , EXERCISE 6.3, , 65°, , 6., , Sum of the angles of Δ PQR = Sum of the angles of Δ QTR and, ∠ PRS = ∠ QPR + ∠ PQR., , no, , 1., , 1., , 2. 32°, 121°, , 3. 92°, , EXERCISE 7.1, They are equal., , 6. ∠ BAC = ∠ DAE, , 4. 60°, , 5. 37°, 53°
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ANSWERS/HINTS, , 337, , EXERCISE 7.2, 6. ∠ BCD =∠ BCA + ∠ DCA = ∠ B + ∠ D, , 7. each is of 45°, , tt ©, o N, be C, E, re R, pu T, bl, is, he, , EXERCISE 7.3, 3., , (ii) From (i), ∠ ABM = ∠ PQN, , EXERCISE 7.4, , 4., , Join BD and show ∠ B > ∠ D. Join AC and show ∠ A > ∠ C., , 5., , ∠ Q + ∠ QPS > ∠ R + ∠ RPS, etc., , EXERCISE 8.1, , 1., , 36°, 60°, 108° and 156°., , 6., , (i) From Δ DAC and Δ BCA, show ∠ DAC = ∠ BCA and ∠ ACD = ∠ CAB, etc., (ii) Show ∠ BAC = ∠ BCA, using Theorem 8.4., , EXERCISE 8.2, , 2., , Show PQRS is a parallelogram. Also show PQ || AC and PS || BD. So, ∠ P = 90°., , 5., , AECF is a parallelogram. So, AF || CE, etc., , EXERCISE 9.1, , 1., , (i) Base DC, parallels DC and AB;, , (iii) Base QR, parallels QR and PS;, , (v) Base AD, parallels AD and BQ, , EXERCISE 9.2, , 1., , 12.8 cm., , 2. Join EG; Use result of Example 2., , 6., , Wheat in Δ APQ and pulses in other two triangles or pulses in Δ APQ and wheat in, other two triangles., , EXERCISE 9.3, , no, , 4., , Draw CM ⊥ AB and DN ⊥ AB. Show CM = DN., , 12. See Example 4.
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338, , MATHEMATICS, , EXERCISE 9.4 (Optional), 7., , Use result of Example 3 repeatedly., , tt ©, o N, be C, E, re R, pu T, bl, is, he, , EXERCISE 10.1, 1., 2., , (i) Interior, , (ii) Exterior, , (iii) Diameter, , (iv) Semicircle, , (v) The chord, , (vi) Three, , (i) True, , (ii) False, , (iii) False, , (iv) True, , (v) False, , (vi) True, , EXERCISE 10.2, , 1., , Prove exactly as Theorem 10.1 by considering chords of congruent circles., , 2., , Use SAS axiom of congruence to show the congruence of the two triangles., , EXERCISE 10.3, , 1., , 0, 1, 2. Two, , 2. Proceed as in Example 1., , 3., , Join the centres O, O′ of the circles to the mid-point M of the common chord AB., Then, show ∠ OMA = 90° and ∠ O′MA = 90°., , EXERCISE 10.4, , 1., , 6 cm. First show that the line joining centres is perpendicular to the radius of the, smaller circle and then that common chord is the diameter of the smaller circle., , 2., , If AB, CD are equal chords of a circle with centre O intersecting at E, draw, perpendiculars OM on AB and ON on CD and join OE. Show that right triangles OME, and ONE are congruent., , 3., , Proceed as in Example 2., , 5., , Represent Reshma, Salma and Mandip by R, S, and M respectively. Let KR = x m (see figure)., 1, Area of Δ ORS = x × 5. Also, area of Δ ORS =, 2, , 4. Draw perpendicular OM on AD., , no, , 1, 1, RS × OL = × 6 × 4., 2, 2, Find x and hence RM., , 6., , Use the properties of an equilateral triangle and also Pythagoras Theorem.
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ANSWERS/HINTS, , 339, , EXERCISE 10.5, 45°, , 2. 150°, 30°, , 3. 10°, , 4., , 80°, , 5. 110°, , 6. ∠ BCD = 80° and ∠ ECD = 50°, , 8., , Draw perpendiculars AM and BN on CD (AB || CD and AB < CD). Show, Δ AMD ≅ Δ BNC. This gives ∠ C = ∠ D and, therefore, ∠ A + ∠ C = 180°., , tt ©, o N, be C, E, re R, pu T, bl, is, he, , 1., , EXERCISE 10.6 (Optional), , 2., , Let O be the centre of the circle. Then perpendicular bisector of both the chords will, 2, , 11 , be same and passes through O. Let r be the radius, then r = + x 2, 2, 2, 5, 2, = (6 x) , where x is length of the perpendicular from O on the chord of, 2, 2, , 5 5, cm., 3. 3 cm., 2, Let ∠ AOC = x and ∠ DOE = y. Let ∠ AOD = z. Then ∠ EOC = z and x + y + 2z = 360°., , length 11 cm. This gives x = 1. So, r =, , 4., , ∠ ODB = ∠ OAD + ∠ DOA = 90° –, , 8., , 1, 1, 1, z + z = 90° + z. Also ∠ OEB = 90° + z, 2, 2, 2, , ∠ ABE = ∠ AD E, ∠ ADF = ∠ ACF =, , 1, ∠ C., 2, , Therefore, ∠ EDF =∠ ABE + ∠ ADF =, , 9., , 1, 1, 1, (∠ B + ∠ C) = (180° – ∠ A) = 90° – ∠ A., 2, 2, 2, , Use Q. 1, Ex. 10.2 and Theorem 10.8., , 10. Let angle-bisector of ∠ A intersect circumcircle of Δ ABC at D. Join DC and DB. Then, , 1, 1, ∠ A and ∠ DBC = ∠ DAC =, ∠ A. Therefore, ∠ BCD =, 2, 2, ∠ DBC or, DB = DC. So, D lies on the perpendicular bisector of BC., , ∠ BCD = ∠ BAD =, , EXERCISE 12.1, , no, , 1., 4., , 3 2, a , 900,3cm 2, 4, , 21 11 cm2, , 2. ` 1650000, , 3. 20 2 m2, , 5. 9000 cm2, , 6. 9 15 cm 2
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340, , MATHEMATICS, , EXERCISE 12.2, 65.5 m2 (approx.), , 2. 15.2 cm2 (approx.), , 3. 19.4 cm2 (approx.), , 4., , 12 cm, , 5. 48 m2, , 6. 1000 6 cm2, 1000 6 cm2, , 7., , Area of shade I = Area of shade II = 256 cm2 and area of shade III = 17.92 cm2, , 8., , ` 705.60, , tt ©, o N, be C, E, re R, pu T, bl, is, he, , 1., , 9. 196 m2, , [See the figure. Find area of Δ BEC = 84 m2, then find the height BM. ], , EXERCISE 13.1, , 1., 5., , (i) 5.45 m2, , (ii) ` 109, , 2. ` 555, , 3. 6 m, , 4. 100 bricks., , 2, , (i) Lateral surface area of cubical box is greater by 40 cm ., , (ii) Total surface area of cuboidal box is greater by 10 cm2., , 6., , (i) 4250 cm2 of glass, (ii) 320 cm of tape. [Calculate the sum of all the, edges (The 12 edges consist of 4 lengths, 4 breadths and 4 heights)]., , 7., , ` 2184, , 8. 47 m2, , EXERCISE 13.2, , 1., , 2. 7.48 m2, , 2 cm, , 3. (i) 968 cm2, , (ii) 1064.8 cm2, , (iii) 2038.08 cm2, , [Total surface area of a pipe is (inner curved surface area + outer curved surface, area + areas of the two bases). Each base is a ring of area given by π (R2 – r 2),, where R = outer radius and r = inner radius]., , 4., , 1584 m2, , 5. Rs 68.75, , 2, , (i) 110 m, , (ii) Rs 4400, , 9., , (i) 59.4 m2, , (ii) 95.04 m2, , no, , 7., , [Let the actual area of steel used be x m2. Since, , 6. 1 m, , 8. 4.4 m2, , 1, of the actual steel used was, 12
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ANSWERS/HINTS, , 341, , wasted, the area of steel which has gone into the tank =, 12, 87.12m2 ], 11, , tt ©, o N, be C, E, re R, pu T, bl, is, he, , actual area of steel used =, , 11, of x. This means that the, 12, , 10. 2200 cm2; Height of the cylinder should be treated as (30 + 2.5 + 2.5) cm, , 11. 7920 cm2, , EXERCISE 13.3, , 1., , 165 cm2, , 4., , (i) 26 m (ii) ` 137280, , 7., , 2. 1244.57 m2, , 3. (i) 7 cm (ii) 462 cm2, , 5. 63 m, , 6. ` 1155, , 8. ` 384.34 (approx.), , 2, , 5500 cm, , EXERCISE 13.4, , 1., , (i) 1386 cm2, , (ii) 394.24 cm2, , (iii) 2464 cm2, , 2., , (i) 616 cm2, , (ii) 1386 cm2, , (iii) 38.5 m2, , 3., , 942 cm2, , 4. 1 : 4, , 5. ` 27.72, , 6., , 3.5 cm, , 7. 1 : 16, , 8. 173.25 cm2, , 9., , (i) 4πr2, , (ii) 4πr2, , (iii) 1 : 1, , EXERCISE 13.5, , 1., 6., , 180 cm3, 3 days, , 2. 135000 litres, , 3. 4.75 m, , 4. ` 4320, , 5. 2 m, , 3, , 7. 16000, , 8. 6 cm, 4 : 1 9. 4000 m, , EXERCISE 13.6, , 34.65 litres, , 2., , 3.432 kg [Volume of a pipe = πh × (R2 – r2), where R is the outer radius and r is the inner, radius]., , 3., , The cylinder has the greater capacity by 85 cm3., , 4., , (i) 3 cm, , 5., , (i) 110 m2, , no, , 1., , (ii) 141.3 cm3, , (ii) 1.75 m, , (iii) 96.25 kl, , 7., , Volume of wood = 5.28 cm3, Volume of graphite = 0.11 cm3., , 8., , 38500 cm3 or 38.5l of soup, , 6. 0.4708 m2
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342, , MATHEMATICS, , EXERCISE 13.7, (i) 264 cm3, , (ii) 154 cm3, , 2. (i) 1.232 l, , 3., , 10 cm, , 4. 8 cm, , 5. 38.5 kl, , 6., , (i) 48 cm (ii) 50 cm (iii) 2200 cm2, , 9., , 86.625x m3, 99.825 m2, , (ii), , 11, l, 35, , tt ©, o N, be C, E, re R, pu T, bl, is, he, , 1., , 7. 100π cm3, , 8. 240π cm3; 5 : 12, , EXERCISE 13.8, , 1, cm3, 3, , 1., , (i) 1437, , 2., , (i) 11498, , 5., , 0.303l (approx.), , 7., , 179, , 2, cm3, 3, , 2 3, cm, 3, , (ii) 1.05 m3 (approx.), (ii) 0.004851 m3, , 3. 345.39 g (approx.), , 4., , 1, 64, , 6. 0.06348 m3 (approx.), , 8. (i) 249.48 m2 (ii) 523.9 m3 (approx.), , 9. (i) 3r (ii) 1 : 9, , 10. 22.46 mm3 (approx.), , EXERCISE 13.9 (Optional ), , 1., , ` 6275, , 2., , ` 2784.32 (approx.) [Rememeber to subtract the part of the sphere that is resting on the, support while calculating the cost of silver paint]., 3. 43.75%, , EXERCISE 14.1, , no, , 1., , Five examples of data that we can gather from our day-to-day life are :, (i) Number of students in our class., (ii) Number of fans in our school., , (iii) Electricity bills of our house for last two years., , (iv) Election results obtained from television or newspapers., (v) Literacy rate figures obtained from Educational Survey., , Of course, remember that there can be many more different answers.
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ANSWERS/HINTS, 2., , 343, , Primary data; (i), (ii) and (iii), Secondary data; (iv) and (v), , tt ©, o N, be C, E, re R, pu T, bl, is, he, , EXERCISE 14.2, 1., , Blood group, , Number of students, , A, , 9, , B, , 6, , O, , 12, , AB, , 3, , Total, , 30, , Most common – O , Rarest – AB, , 2., , Distances, (in km), , Tally Marks, , 0-5, 5 - 10, 10 - 15, 15 - 20, 20 - 25, 25 - 30, 30 - 35, , Frequency, , ||||, |||| |||| |, |||| |||| |, |||| ||||, |, |, ||, , 5, 11, 11, 9, 1, 1, 2, , Total, , no, , 3., , (i), , 40, , Relative humidity (in %), , Frequency, , 84 - 86, 86 - 88, 88 - 90, 90 - 92, 92 - 94, 94 - 96, 96 - 98, 98 - 100, , 1, 1, 2, 2, 7, 6, 7, 4, , Total, , 30
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344, , MATHEMATICS, (ii), , The data appears to be taken in the rainy season as the relative humidity is high., , (iii) Range = 99.2 – 84.9 = 14.3, (i), , Heights (in cm), , Frequency, , 150 - 155, , 12, , 155 - 160, , 9, , 160 - 165, , 14, , 165 - 170, , 10, , 170 - 175, , 5, , Total, , 50, , tt ©, o N, be C, E, re R, pu T, bl, is, he, , 4., , (ii), , 5., , (i), , (ii), , no, , 6., , One conclusion that we can draw from the above table is that more than 50% of, students are shorter than 165 cm., Concentration of, Sulphur dioxide (in ppm), , Frequency, , 0.00 - 0.04, , 4, , 0.04 - 0.08, , 9, , 0.08 - 0.12, , 9, , 0.12 - 0.16, , 2, , 0.16 - 0.20, , 4, , 0.20 - 0.24, , 2, , Total, , 30, , The concentration of sulphur dioxide was more than 0.11 ppm for 8 days., Number of heads, , Frequency, , 0, , 6, , 1, , 10, , 2, , 9, , 3, , 5, , Total, , 30
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ANSWERS/HINTS, (i), , Digits, , Frequency, , 0, , 2, , 1, , 5, , 2, , 5, , 3, , 8, , 4, , 4, , 5, , 5, , 6, , 4, , 7, , 4, , 8, , 5, , 9, , 8, , Total, , 50, , tt ©, o N, be C, E, re R, pu T, bl, is, he, , 7., , 345, , (ii) The most frequently occurring digits are 3 and 9. The least occurring is 0., , 8., , (i), , Number of hours, , Frequency, , 0-5, , 10, , 5 - 10, , 13, , 10 - 15, , 5, , 15 - 20, , 2, , Total, , 30, , Life of batteries, (in years), , Frequency, , 2.0 - 2.5, , 2, , 2.5 - 3.0, , 6, , 3.0 - 3.5, , 14, , 3.5 - 4.0, , 11, , 4.0 - 4.5, , 4, , 4.5 - 5.0, , 3, , Total, , 40, , (ii) 2 children., , no, , 9.
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346, , MATHEMATICS, , EXERCISE 14.3, 1., , (ii) Reproductive health conditions., , 3., , (ii) Party A, , Age (in years), , Frequency, , Width, , 1-2, , 5, , 1, , 2-3, , 3, , 1, , 3-5, , 6, , 2, , 5-7, , 12, , 2, , 7 - 10, , 9, , 3, , 10 - 15, , 10, , 5, , 15 - 17, , 4, , 2, , 5. (ii) 184, Length of the rectangle, , tt ©, o N, be C, E, re R, pu T, bl, is, he, , 8., , 4. (ii) Frequency polygon (iii) No, , 5, 1 5, 1, 3, 1 3, 1, 6, 1 3, 2, 12, 1 6, 2, 9, 1 3, 3, 10, 1 2, 5, 4, 1 2, 2, , Now, you can draw the histogram, using these lengths., , no, , 9., , (i), , Number of letters, , Frequency, , Width of, interval, , Length of, rectangle, , 1-4, , 6, , 3, , 6, 24, 3, , 4-6, , 30, , 2, , 6-8, , 44, , 2, , 8 - 12, , 16, , 4, , 16, 28, 4, , 12 - 20, , 4, , 8, , 4, 2 1, 8, , Now, draw the histogram., (ii), , 6-8, , 30, 2 30, 2, 44, 2 44, 2
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ANSWERS/HINTS, , 347, , EXERCISE 14.4, 1., , Mean = 2.8; Median = 3; Mode = 3, , 2., , Mean = 54.8; Median = 52; Mode = 52, , 3., , x = 62, , tt ©, o N, be C, E, re R, pu T, bl, is, he, , 4. 14, , 5., , Mean salary of 60 workers is Rs 5083.33., , EXERCISE 15.1, , 1., , 24 ,, 4, i.e.,, 30, 5, , 5., , (i), , 7. (i), , 29, 2400, , 27, 40, , (ii), , 2. (i), , (ii), , 13, 40, , 579, 2400, , 19, 60, , (ii), , 407, 750, , (iii), , 1, 240, , 8. (i), , 9, 40, , (iii), , 1, 96, , (iv), , (ii), , 31, 40, , 211, 1500, , (v), , 3., , 1031, 1200, , (iii) 0 11., , 3, 20, , 6. (i), , 7, 11, , 12., , 7, 90, , 1, 15, , 4., , 9, 25, , (ii), , 23, 90, , 13., , 1, 10, , EXERCISE A1.1, , 1., , (i), , False. There are 12 months in a year., , (ii) Ambiguous. In a given year, Diwali may or may not fall on a Friday., , 2., , 3., , (iii) Ambiguous. At some time in the year, the temperature in Magadi, may be 26° C., (iv) Always true., (v) False. Dogs cannot fly., (vi) Ambiguous. In a leap year, February has 29 days., (i) False. The sum of the interior angles of a quadrilateral is 360°., (ii) True, (iii) True, (iv) True, (v) False, for example, 7 + 5 = 12, which is not an odd number., (i) All prime numbers greater than 2 are odd. (ii) Two times a natural number is, always even. (iii) For any x > 1, 3x + 1 > 4. (iv) For any x ≥ 0, x3 ≥ 0., (v) In an equilateral triangle, a median is also an angle bisector., , EXERCISE A1.2, , no, , 1., , 2., , (i) Humans are vertebrates. (ii) No. Dinesh could have got his hair cut by anybody, else. (iii) Gulag has a red tongue. (iv) We conclude that the gutters will have to, be cleaned tomorrow. (v) All animals having tails need not be dogs. For example,, animals such as buffaloes, monkeys, cats, etc. have tails but are not dogs., You need to turn over B and 8. If B has an even number on the other side, then the rule
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348, , MATHEMATICS, has been broken. Similarly, if 8 has a consonant on the other side, then the rule has, been broken., , EXERCISE A1.3, Three possible conjectures are:, (i) The product of any three consecutive even numbers is even. (ii) The product, of any three consecutive even numbers is divisible by 4. (iii) The product of any, three consecutive even numbers is divisible by 6., Line 4: 1 3 3 1 =113; Line 5: 1 4 6 4 1=114; the conjecture holds for Line 4 and Line 5;, No, because 115 ≠ 15101051., T4 + T5 =25 = 52 ; Tn – 1 + Tn = n2., 1111112 = 12345654321 ; 11111112 = 1234567654321, Student’s own answer. For example, Euclid’s postulates., , tt ©, o N, be C, E, re R, pu T, bl, is, he, , 1., , 2., , 3., 4., 5., , EXERCISE A1.4, , 1., , (i), , You can give any two triangles with the same angles but of different sides., , (ii) A rhombus has equal sides but may not be a square., , (iii) A rectangle has equal angles but may not be a square., (iv) For a = 3 and b = 4, the statement is not true., , (v) For n = 11, 2n2 + 11 = 253 which is not a prime., (vi) For n = 41, n2 – n + 41 is not a prime., , 2., , Student’s own answer., , 3., , Let x and y be two odd numbers. Then x = 2m +1 for some natural number m and, y = 2n + 1 for some natural number n., x + y = 2 (m + n + 1). Therefore, x + y is divisible by 2 and is even., , 4., , See Q.3. xy = (2m + 1)(2n + 1) = 2 (2mn + m + n) + 1., , Therefore, x y is not divisible by 2, and so it is odd., , Let 2n, 2n + 2 and 2n + 4 be three consecutive even numbers. Then their sum is, 6(n + 1), which is divisible by 6., , 7., , (i), , no, , 5., , Let your original number be n. Then we are doing the following operations:, , n →2n →2 n + 9 →2 n + 9 + n = 3n + 9 →, , n + 7 – n = 7., , 3n 9, = n + 3 →n + 3 + 4 = n + 7 →, 3, , (ii) Note that 7 × 11 × 13 = 1001. Take any three digit number say, abc. Then, abc × 1001 = abcabc. Therefore, the six digit number abcabc is divisible by 7, 11, and 13.
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ANSWERS/HINTS, , 349, , EXERCISE A2.1, 1., , Step 1: Formulation :, , tt ©, o N, be C, E, re R, pu T, bl, is, he, , The relevant factors are the time period for hiring a computer, and the two costs given, to us. We assume that there is no significant change in the cost of purchasing or, hiring the computer. So, we treat any such change as irrelevant. We also treat all, brands and generations of computers as the same, i.e. these differences are also, irrelevant., The expense of hiring the computer for x months is ` 2000x. If this becomes more than, the cost of purchasing a computer, we will be better off buying a computer. So, the, equation is, 2000 x = 25000, (1), , 25000, = 12.5, 2000, Step 3 : Interpretation : Since the cost of hiring a computer becomes more after 12.5, months, it is cheaper to buy a computer, if you have to use it for more than 12 months., , Step 2 : Solution : Solving (1), x =, , 2., , Step1 : Formulation : We will assume that cars travel at a constant speed. So, any, change of speed will be treated as irrelevant. If the cars meet after x hours, the first car, would have travelled a distance of 40x km from A and the second car would have, travelled 30x km, so that it will be at a distance of (100 – 30x) km from A. So the, equation will be 40x = 100 – 30x, i.e., 70x = 100., 100, Step 2 : Solution : Solving the equation, we get x =, ., 70, 100, Step 3 : Interpretation :, is approximately 1.4 hours. So, the cars will meet after, 70, 1.4 hours., , 3., , Step1 : Formulation : The speed at which the moon orbits the earth is, Length of the orbit ., Time taken, , Step 2 : Solution : Since the orbit is nearly circular, the length is 2 × π × 384000 km, = 2411520 km, The moon takes 24 hours to complete one orbit., So, speed =, , 2411520, = 100480 km/hour., 24, , Step 3 : Interpretation : The speed is 100480 km/h., , no, , 4., , Formulation : An assumption is that the difference in the bill is only because of using, the water heater.
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350, , MATHEMATICS, Let the average number of hours for which the water heater is used = x, Difference per month due to using water heater = ` 1240 – ` 1000 = ` 240, Cost of using water heater for one hour = ` 8, , tt ©, o N, be C, E, re R, pu T, bl, is, he, , So, the cost of using the water heater for 30 days = 8 × 30 × x, Also, the cost of using the water heater for 30 days = Difference in bill due to using, water heater, So,, , 240x = 240, , Solution : From this equation, we get x = 1., , Interpretation : Since x = 1, the water heater is used for an average of 1 hour in a day., , EXERCISE A2.2, , 1., , We will not discuss any particular solution here. You can use the same method as we, used in last example, or any other method you think is suitable., , EXERCISE A2.3, , We have already mentioned that the formulation part could be very detailed in reallife situations. Also, we do not validate the answer in word problems. Apart from this, word problem have a ‘correct answer’. This need not be the case in real-life situations., , 2., , The important factors are (ii) and (iii). Here (i) is not an important factor although it, can have an effect on the number of vehicles sold., , no, , 1.