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CHAPTER, 3, Energy Conservation in Electrical, Installation Systems, UNIT III, Syllabus:, 3.1., Aggregated Technical and commercial losses (ATC); Power system at state, regional, national and glohe, level., Technical losses; causes and measures to reduce by (a) Controlling I'R losses. (b) optimizing distributie, voltage, (c) balancing phase currents, (d) compensating reactive power flow, 3.2, 3.3, Cornmercial losses : pilferage, causes and remedies, de, 3.4, Energy conservation equipments : Maximum Demand Controller, KVAR Controller, Automatic Power Facto, controller (APFC), 3.1, Energy Conservation in Lighting System (a) Replacing, Lamp sources. (b) Using energy efficient luminaries., Using light controlled gears. (d) Installation of separate transformer servo stabilizer for lighting. (e) Periodie, 3.5, survey and adequate maintenance programs, Q., 3.6. Energy Conservation techniques in fans, Electronic regulators., En, re, Introduction, Te, Generation, Transmission, Distribution and Transformation components are the elements of power system, interconnected facilities of an electrical utility necessary to provide service., tra, Co, Electrical Power System, Tec, Generation, Tra, system, Un, Tra, Transmission, system, 400/220/132 kV Lines, Con, In 2, Bulk power, substalion, 220/132/33 kV, Sub-station, At P, 33 kV, Folic, Primary, substation, 220/132 kV, 33/11 kV, 11 kV, Large, Industrial, Distribution, transformer, Loads, Loads, Generated electricity reaches to end user through a large and complex network of transformers, overheau, cables and other associated equipments.

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3-2, Energy Conservation in Electrical Installation Systems, Energy Conservation and Audit (MSBTE), The bitter fact is number of total units of power generated at power station do not match with the total number of, units of power distributed at consumer end., This difference in generated units and distributed units at user end is nothing but a Transmission and Distribution, Los., Mathematically,, Transmission and Distribution Loss, = Energy Generated- Enerygy Billed, Energy Input to feeder (kWh)-Billed Energy to Consumer (kWh), Energy Input (kWh), Also, T&D Losses =, x 100, From this, it is clear that Transmission and Distribution Losses are the amount of energy which is not accounted to pay, for by the consumer., Transmission and Distribution losses are being one of the biggest challenges to indian Power Sector., Factors attributing to these losses may be Technical or Non-Technical., Technical losses include losses due to energy dissipated in line due to various reasons and non technical losses occur, due to lack of administration., Aggregated Technical & Commercial (ATC)Losses in Power System at State,, Regional, National and Global Level, 3.1, (MSBTE-W-17), Q., Explain scenario of transmission and distribution losses at national level., W-17, Energy losses are iñevitable in supplying the electricity to consumer premises owing to technical and commercial, reasons., Technical losses: Energy dissipated in conductors, transformers, other transmission equipments, power transfer, sub-, transmission and distribution system, Commercial losses: Hooking, meter bypass, defective meters, unmetered supply, unrecovered billing, etc., Technical losses and commercial losses summed up together give Transmission & Distribution Losses., Transmission & Distribution Losses = Technical Losses + Commercial Losses, Unrecovered billing amount is reflected in collection efficiency., Transmission & Distribution Loss together with loss in collection gives Aggregate Technical & Commercial Loss (AT &C), Continuous reduction in Aggregate Technical & Commercial Losses (AT &C) has been achieved in the country., In 2004 AT &C was observed to be 34.33 and current status is 18.31 % in India., At Present, Maharashtra is facing 17.34 % AT & C losses., Foliowing table shows the present status of state wise AT & C losses in the country., Sr. No., State, AT&C Losses (%), 1, Jammu & Kashmir, 52.27, Himachal Pradesh, 11.29, 3, Punjab, 12.04, 4., Hariyana, 18.21, Uttar Pradesh, 24.64, Tecih inautedge, PRETICEY VRA

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Energy Conservation in Electrical Installation Systs, 3-3, Energy Conservation and Audit (MSBTE), State, AT&C Losses (%), Sr. No., Uttarakhand, 12.64, 6., 21.99, 7, Rajasthan, 30.63, 8, Madhya Pradesh, 9., Bihar, 36.34, 22.66, 10, Chattisgadh, 11, Jharkhand, 34.59, 12, Maharashtra, 17.34, 13, Karnatak, 13.92, 14, Telangana, 12.5, 15, Andhra Pradesh, 9.75, 16, Tamilnadu, 14.2, 17, Kerala, 10.83, 18, Sikkim, 32.57, 19, Arunachal Pradesh, 65.45, 20, Assam, 21.92, 21, Meghalaya, 27.75, 22, Manipur, 24.58, 23, Mizoram, 57.05, 24, Tripura, The transmission and distribution losses in the developed countries are in the range of 4% to 8%., 16.83, Countries in Europe and United States of America have T&D losses of about 6% to 8%., Japan and Germany have reported losses of 5 percent. Russia, on the other hand, has reported losses of around 1, percent., India cornpares badly to the T&D loss average of the developed world. Even China has been able to check its T&, losses with just 6 percent loss reported., Annexure-Ill can be referred to observe statistics of the Transmission and Distribution Losses in % in the World., AT and C losses (%) in the country, 70, 60 +52:27-, 50, 65.45, 40, 05, 36.34, 30.63, -21:99-, 30, 34.59, -22.66-, 11:29 12.04, 10, 20, 18.21, 32:57, 17.34, 27.75, 13:62-12.5-, 14.2, 21:92, -24:58, 9.75, 10:83, 16.83, Punjab, Sikkim, Assam, Meghalaya, Statewise, AT and C, losses, Fig. 3.1, Jammu and Kashimir, Hariyana, Rajsthan, Madhya pradesh, Bihar, Chattisgadh, Jharkhand, Maharashtra, Karnatak, ngana, Andhra pradesh, Kerala, Arunachal pradesh, Manipur, izoram, Tripura

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V Energy Conservation and Audit (MSBTE), 3-4, Energy Conservation in Electrical Installation Systems, 6., 7., 2009, R 2010, 2011, 01, Fig. 3.1.1 :Transmission and Distribution Losses in Developed Countries, 3.2, Technical Losses; Causes and Measures to reduce, (MSBTE - W-12, S-13, S-15, W-15, S-16, S-18, W-18), Q., State techniques to reduce technical losses in Transmission and Distribution system., W-12, Q., How technical losses in transmission system can be reduced ?, S-13, Q., Explain how losses are increased in Trans and Distr. system due to each of following. Low power factor, low, transmission, voltage, transmission line voltage imbalance., S-15, Q., Describe methods of reducing technical losses in transmission & distribution system., W-15, Q., State any four causes of technical losses in transmission and distribution system. Aiso state techniques to reduce, it., S-16, 10, Q., State and explain any four technical losses in transmission and distribution systems., S-18, Q., List out the different technical iosses that takes place in transmission and distribution system., W-18, D, Technical losses can be brought down in Transmission and Distribution using various ways., It requires identification of culprit areas that are contributing in losses. Implementation of reduction measure at, respective areas lead to effective decrease in the loss percentage., Main technical issues in Transmission and Distribution which if concentrated will defiantly lead to energy conservation, are,, Copper losses, Reactive power flow, Phase imbalance, Transformer losses, Following table shows permissible technical losses and drops for distribution system., Comparing state and national scenario with this table points out the huge scope for the improvement., TechKneuledge, P2RIITAL, Norway, Australia, United States, Netherlands, Germany, New Zealand, ireland, Sweden, Switzerland, Japan

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Energy Conservation in Electrical Installation Sys, 3-5, Energy Conservation and Audit (MSBTE), Table 3.2.1: The maximum permissible Technical losses and voltage drop in Distribution system, RURAL, URBAN, Description, Voltage Drop, Line Losses, Line Losses, Voltage Drop, 3.5%, 5%, 2.5%, 3%, H.T. Line, 3.5%, 4%, 3.5%, 4%, Distribution T/F, 2.5%, 3%, 2.5%, 3%, L.T. Line, 1%, 0.5%, 1%, Service, 0.5%, 11%, 10 %, 13 %, Total, 9%, Energy Conservation Techniques in Transmission and, Distribution System Related to Technical Losses, 1 By Reducing R Losses, 2. By Cormpensating Reactive Power Flow, 3. Syslem Voltage Optimisation and, Phase Current Balancing, 4. By using Energy Effic ent Transtormer, Fig. C3.1 : Measures to reduce Technical Losses, 3.2.1 By Reducing l'R Losses, (MSBTE - W-14, S-17, S-18, W-18, Q., Explain energy conservation techniques in transmission and distribution system by reducing I R losses., Q., W-14, Explain the following energy conservation techniques : (i) By reducing 12R losses in Trans. System., Explain following techniques related to energy, conservation in transmission and distribution system., Q., S-17, () Variable technical losses (I'R losses), Q., Explain the following energy conservation techniques in transmission and distribution system, S-18, (1) By reducing 12R losses, W-18, Losses in line are mainly due to copper losses and there can be multiple reasons behind this as discussed earlier., All the ways of reducing I R losses leads to significant energy conservation in T&D system as energy is dissipated in the, form of heat in this., In transmission, lower voltages level means more current hence copper losses thus higher transmission voltage leven, are preferred for transmission purpose., In a similar way, far located distribution transformer causes voltage drop at consumer end hence more current a, more line losses., To reduce line losses by this way, distance between distribution transformer and consumer should be such that it w, keep voltage drop in permissible limits., In L.T distribution lines, low power factor exists that causes more current to draw for a given load., Losses owing to this can be minimized by power factor improvement., There are various ways of power factor improvement such as,, Teck Knewie, P6PTITAN P