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Unit 1
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Electronic components are the basic building blocks of, , an electronic circuit or electronic system or electronic, device., They control the flow of electrons in an electronic, system or electronic circuit., Electronic components have a number of electrical, terminals or leads., These leads connect to other electrical components,, often over wire, to create an electronic circuit with a, particular function
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Electronic Components, , Discrete, Components, , Non-discrete, Components, , Passive, Components, Active, Components
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An elementary electronic device constructed as a, , single unit., A discrete circuit is constructed of components which, are manufactured separately., These components are connected together by using, conducted wires on a circuit board or a printed circuit, board.
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An integrated circuit is a microscopic array of, , electronic circuits and electronic components, (resistors, capacitors, inductors…) that are diffused or, implanted into the surface of semiconductor, material wafer such as silicon.
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The electronic component, which consumes energy in the, , form of voltage from the source, but does not produce or, supply energy is called passive electronic component., , Passive components cannot control the flow of electrons or, , electric current through a circuit, but they limit the flow of, electrons or electric current., Passive components cannot amplify or increase the power of an, electrical, signal., , Passive components temporarily store the electrical energy in the, , form, , , , of, , static, , electric, , field, , or, , magnetic, , field., , Passive components do not depend on the external source of, energy or voltage to perform a specific operation.
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The electronic component, which consumes energy in, , the form of voltage or current and produces or, supplies energy in the form of electric current or, voltage is called active component., , An active component not only controls the flow of, , electrons or electric current, but also amplifies or increases, the power of electronic signal., Active components depend on the external source of, energy or voltage to perform a specific operation., When the active components consume enough voltage,, , they start operating.
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The property of a substance which opposes the flow, , of electric current (or electricity) through it is, called Resistance OR Resistance is the ability of a, circuit which opposes current., The, unit of, resistance is OHM, (Ω), where 1Ω = 1V/1A
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Those, , components and, devices which are specially, designed to have a certain, amount of resistance and, used to oppose or limit the, electric current flowing, through, it are called, resistors., Resistance of a resistor, depends on their length (l),, resistivity (ρ) and its cross, sectional area (a) which is, also known as laws of, resistance … R = ρ (l/a).
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Those, , resistors, which values change with the, applied voltage and temperature, are called linear, resistors., In other words, a resistor, which current value is, directly proportional to the applied voltage is known, as linear resistors., Generally, there are two types of resistors which have, linear properties., Fixed Resistors, 2. Variable Resistors, 1.
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Fixed resistor is a resistor which has a specific value and we, , can’t change the value of fixed resistors., Types of Fixed resistors., Carbon Composition Resistors, 2. Wire Wound Resistors, 3. Thin Film Resistors, 4. Thick Film Resistors, 1., , Properties, Very cheap and small in size, hence, occupy less space., Reliable and available in different ohmic and power ratings., , Fixed resistor can be easily connected to the circuit and, , withstand for more voltage., Less stable means their temperature coefficient is very high., Make a slight noise as compared to other types of resistors.
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A typical fixed resistor is made from the mixture of granulated or, , powdered carbon or graphite, insulation filler, or a resin binder., The ratio of the insulation material determines the actual, resistance of the resistor. The insulating powder (binder) made in, the shape of rods and there are two metal caps on the both ends of, the rod., There are two conductor wires, on the both ends of the, resistor for easy connectivity, in the circuit via soldering. A, plastic coat covers the rods, with different colour codes, (printed) which denote the, resistance value., They are available in 1 ohm to, 25 mega ohms and in power, rating from ¼ watt to up to 5, Watts.
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Wire wound resistor is made from the insulating core or rod by, , wrapping around a resistive wire. The resistance wire is generally, Tungsten, manganin, Nichrome or nickel or nickel chromium, alloy and the insulating core is made of porcelain, Bakelite, press, bond paper or ceramic clay material., , The, , manganin wire wound, resistors are very costly and used, with the sensitive test equipment, e.g. Wheatstone bridge, etc. They, are available in the range of 2 watts, up to 100 watt power rating or, more. The ohmic value of these, types of resistors is 1 ohm up to, 200k ohms or more and can be, operated safely up to 350°C., he power rating of a high power, wire wound resistor is 500 Watts, and the available resistance value of, these resistors are is 0.1 ohm – 100k, Ohms.
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Advantages, , and, wound Resistors, , Disadvantage, , of, , Wire, , Wire wound resistors make lower noise than carbon, , composition resistors. Their performance is well in, overload conditions., They are reliable and flexible and can be used with DC, and Audio frequency range., Disadvantage of wire wound resistor is that they are, costly and can’t be used in high frequency equipment., Application of Wire Wound Resistors, Wire wound resistors used where high sensitivity,, , accurate measurement and balanced current control is, required, e.g. as a shunt with ampere meter., Wire wound resistors are generally used in high power, rating devices and equipment, Testing and measuring, devices, industries, and control equipment.
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All thin film resistors are made of from high grid, , ceramic rod and a resistive material. A very thin, conducting material layer overlaid on insulating rod,, plate or tube which is made from high quality ceramic, material or glass. There are two further types of thin, film resistors., Carbon Film Resistors, 2. Metal Film Resistors, 1.
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Carbon Film Resistors, Carbon Film resistors contains, , on an insulating material rod, or core made of high grade, ceramic material which is, called the substrate. A very, thin resistive carbon layer or, film overlaid around the rod., These kinds of resistors are, widely used in electronic, circuits because of negligible, noise and wide operating range, and the stability as compared, to solid carbon resistors.
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Metal Film Resistors, Metal film resistors are same in, , construction like Carbon film, resistors,, but, the, main, difference is that there is metal, (or a mixture of the metal, oxides, Nickel Chromium or, mixture of metals and glass, which is called metal glaze, which is used as resistive film), instead of carbon., Metal film resistors are very, tiny, cheap and reliable in, operation. Their temperature, coefficient is very low (±2, ppm/°C) and used where, stability and low noise level is, important.
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The production method of Thick film resistors is same, , like thin film resistors, but the difference is that there, is a thick film instead of a thin film or layer of resistive, material around. That’s why it is called Thick film, resistors. There are two additional types of thick film, resistors., Metal Oxide Resistors, 2. Cermet Film Resistors, 3. Fusible Resistors, 1.
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By oxidizing a thick film of Tin Chloride on a heated, , glass rod (substrate) is the simple method to make a, Metal oxide Resistor., These resistors are available in a wide range of, resistance with high temperature stability., In addition, the level of operating noise is very low and, can be used at high voltages.
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In the cermet oxide resistors, the, , internal area contains on ceramic, insulation materials. And then a, carbon or metal alloy film or layer, wrapped around the resistor and, then fix it in a ceramic metal (which, is known as Cermet)., They are made in the square or, rectangular shape and leads and, pins are under the resistors for easy, installation in printed circuit, boards., They provide a stable operation in, high temperature because their, values do not change with change in, temperature.
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These kinds of resistors are same like a wire wound, , resistor. When a circuit power rating increased than, the specified value, then this resistor is fused, i.e. it, breaks or open the circuit. That’s why it is called, Fusible resistors., Fusible restores perform double jobs means they limit, the current as well as it can be used as a fuse., Generally, the ohmic value of fusible resistors is less, than 10 Ohms., They used widely in TV Sets, Amplifiers, and other, expensive electronic circuits.
