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management of oedema of different types etc., The leaves of G. hirsutum of Western ghats (Konkan) are he suvɔtituru, 8.13 DIURETICS, Diuretics are the drugs which increase the flow of urine., The diuretics, which are therapeutically important, produce a loss of both water and, solutes. Many drugs known to cause diuretic action, act by either of the following ways:, 1. They increase the renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate. Although, such, action leads to diuretic effect, it is the secondary effect exerted by such drugs. The, examples of this group are cardiac glycosides, certain xanthine derivatives like, caffeine, plasma volume expanders like certain gums etc., 2. The other drugs increase the solute excretion in the glomerular filtrate and tubular, fluid. This group includes drugs acting in two different ways. Some are called, osmotic diuretics which are not electrolytes. They are freely filtered at the, glomerulus and they are very little reabsorbed through the renal tubule. The other, drugs inhibit sodium reabsorption from the glomerular filtrate. They increase the, amount of solute excreted and thus, of water too., In therapeutics, the diuretic drugs are used for various clinical uses like prophylaxis of, cute renal failure, regulation of osmotic pressure of plasma, treatment of glaucoma,, management of oedema of different types etc., Scanned by TapScanner
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themselves are excreted in the urine and due to their osmotic effect, diminis, Biological Source, Chemical Const. r, 5. Acidifying diuretics: This type of drug causes increased formation of urine b, 2. Purine diuretics: The purine alkaloids like caffeine, theophylline and theobromin, 1. Cardiac diuretics: The cardiac glycosides present in digitalis or similar cardioto, Saline diuretics: The substances which have low renal threshold, like neutral s, throughout India, Sri Lanka and in West Tibet. It flowers in rainy season and is collected i, 3. Osmotic diuretics: These are the drugs which enhance the urine formation a, producing a degree of acidosis. The diuresis occurs because kidney excretes excess, From the nature, a large number of plants, like gokhru, punarnava, tea, coff, drugs improve circulation and by this way, they increase blood flow through, 8.92, Pharmacognosy (First Year D. Pharm.), digitalis etc. are known for their diuretic properties., The diuretics may be grouped as follows:, Cardiac diuretics: The cardiac glycosides present in digitalis or similar card, 1., the, kidney and cause diuresis., Purine diuretics: The purine alkaloids like caffeine, theophylline and theok, are central nervous system stimulants and mainly diuretic in nature., 2., as the, tubular reabsorption of water., salts, Saline diuretics: The substances which have low renal threshold, like neutral, 4., cause the diuretic action., a, of acid alongwith some fixed base and extra water., 6., Alkaline diuretics: The potassium salts cause diuresis as they are not retained, kidney., 7. Mercury diuretics: The mercurial compounds are irritant to kidney and to te, tubules and hence, their reabsorption is inhibited. In therapeutic practice, they as, not used because they damage the kidney., 8. Volatile oil diuretics: The volatile oils or oleoresins also have irritant action on the, tubules and hence because of inhibited reabsorption, they cause diuresis. Such, substances also exert antiseptic effects in urinary tract e.g. buchu leaves., GOKHRU, Synonym: Puncture vine., Biological Source:, It consists of dried fully ripen fruits of the plant Tribulus terrestris Lim, (Family: Zygophyllaceae) and should contain not less than 0.5 % of diosgenin on dried bas, Geographical Distribution:, The drug is found widely distributed in warmer regions of the world. Gokhru oct, October and November. It is a prostate annual or biennial., Scanned by TapScanner
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is collected in the flowering stage. It is variable, diffusely branched, and creeping herbaceous, Punarnava is very common and most troublesome weed of sandy tracts, waste-lands, Biological Source, Chemical Const. &, It consists of fresh, as well as, dried herb known as Boerhaavia difussa (B. reper, It is found wild throughout India and Sri Lanka. Punarnava is found in Himalayan valley, B. procumbens) Linn. Nyctaginaceae. It should contain not less than 0.005% of boervinone o, and road-sides. It is collected from wild grown plants. It is abundant during rainy season and, 8.94, Pharmacognosy (First Year D. Pharm.), PUNARNAVA, Synonyms: Rakta Punarnava, Hog weed, punarnava., Biological Source:, B. procumbens) Linn. Nyctaginaceae. It should contain not less than 0.005% of boervin Per, dried basis., Geographical Source:, upto 2000 - 2500 m. The weed is also grown in Malaysia, China and Africa., Collection:, perennial., Organoleptic Characters (Fig. 8.53):, Colour : Leaves - Green on upper and whitish on lower surface., Stems - Greenish-purple., Flowers - Upper part pink., Odour : Odourless., Taste, : Bitter., : Leaves are 25 to 30 mm long and 12 to 20 mm in wide, ovate, oblong sub-, orbicular, and apex slightly pointed with rounded or sub-cordate base, Leaves are glabrous, rather thick in texture and petiolate. Petioles are, double the length of the blade. Margin is entire., Size, Stems are cylindrical, stiff, and thick at the nodes. They are branched and, about 1 m in length. Stems are light reddish-brown above and pale greenist, below., to, Fig. 8.53: Punarnava Twig, Scanned by TapScanner
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about 6 % of potassium nitrate, an oily substance and ursolic acid., scattered throughout. Leaves have stomata on both the surfaces. Palisade is one layered and, Cortex consists of one or two layers of collenchyma followed by few layers of parenchyma., prescribed in the treatment of jaundice. It, dysenteric condition is grouped in various types., Endodermis is distinct. Stelar part is represented by small vascular bundles, which are, Leaf: Epidermis shows the presence of multicellular uniseriate glandular trichomes., necrosis. The symptoms are severe than the amoebic dysentery., iz. Shigella. These parasites attack the mucous membrane of large intestine, (causing, 8.95, Blological Source, Chemical Const. &, Flowers are internally sessile in small umbels, about 10 to 25 mm in length., Aww., Fruits are one sided, glandular and about 0.5 cm in size., Roots are, elongated, fusiform, tapering and somewhat tuberous. Roots grow, vertically downwards striking deep into the soil. They are cream or light, brownish-yellow, with very soft skin. Old roots are often marked with knotty, scars of fallen rootlets., Small air-sac in spongy parenchyma. Calcium oxalate clusters and idioblasts are present, in the mesophyll., Chemical Constituents:, Punarnava contains about 0.04 % of alkaloids known as punarnavine. It also contains, kout 6 % of potassium nitrate, an oily substance and ursolic acid., Uses:, The herb is used as diuretic and as an expectorant. Punarnava is stomachic and is, Trescribed in the treatment of jaundice. It is also given in the loss of digestive power,, enlargement of spleen and for abdominal pains., Substitutes:, Trianthema portulacastrum, Trianthema obcordata and T. decandra are usually, substituted for punarnava T. portulacastrum has similar foliage to that of punarnava and is, also known as shwet punarnava., 8.14 ANTI-DYSENTERICS, The term dysentery is a combination of two words namely, dys meaning bad or difficult, and enteron meaning intestine. In dysenteric conditions, the inflammation of the colonic, mucosa occurs which leads to passage of blood and mucus. The inflammation occurs, because of the exotoxins produced by certain protozoal animals like Amoeba, Shigella, and, Certain ciliate protozoans, Schistosoma etc. Depending on the type of invading parasite,, 1. Amoebic dysentery: It occurs due to Entamoeba histolytica which infects the large, mlestine. The parasite invades the mucosa and causes ulcers. This type exists either in acute, or chronic form., . Bacillary dysentery: It occurs due to various forms of dysentery bacilli, * Shigella. These parasites attack the mucous membrane of large intestine, causing, Scanned by TapScanner
