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02.07.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Plus One Economics, , Focus Area, , Contents, Unit II: Economic Reforms Since 1991, 3.1 Introduction, 3.2 Background, , Chapter 3, Liberalisation, Privatisation and, Globalisation: An Appraisal, , 3.3 Liberalisation, 3.4 Privatisation, 3.5 Globalisation, 3.6 Indian Economy During Reforms an Assessment, 3.7 Conclusion, , Unit III: Current Challenges Facing the Indian Economy, 4.1 Introduction, 4.2 Who are the Poor?, 4.3 How are poor people identified?, 4.4 The number of poor in India, , Chapter 4, Poverty, , 4.5 What Causes Poverty?, 4.6 Policies and, Alleviation, , Programmes, , Towards, , Poverty, , 4.7 Poverty Alleviation Programmes – a Critical, Assessment, 4.8 Conclusion, 8.1 Introduction, 8.2 What is infrastructure?, 8.3 Relevance of Infrastructure, , Chapter 8, Infrastructure, , 8.4 The State of Infrastructure in India, 8.5 Energy, 8.6 Health, 8.7 Conclusion, 9.1 Introduction, 9.2 Environment – Definition and Functions, , Chapter 9, Environment and Sustainable, Development, , 9.3 State of India's Environment, 9.4 Sustainable Development, 9.5 Strategies for Sustainable Development, 9.6 Conclusion, , Vijayabheri, District Panchayat, Malappuram & META

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02.07.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Plus One Economics, , Focus Area, , Unit II: ECONOMIC REFORMS SINCE 1991, Chapter – 3, Liberalisation, Privatisation & Globalisation: An Appraisal, Background: Reasons for Economics Reforms- 1991, 1., , Political instability in the country, , 2., , Inefficient management of the Indian Economy in 1980,s, , 3., , Foreign exchange was spent on meeting consumption needs, , 4., , Foreign exchange reserve declined to a level that was not adequate to, finance import for more than two weeks, , 5., , Gulf war, , 6., , Slow growth of the economy, , 7., , Poor performance of public sector, , 8., , Price rise of essential goods, , India approached IBRD and IMF to meet this financial crisis. India received, 7 million $ as loan to manage the crisis. These institutions allowed the fund on the, basis of certain conditions. The conditions were liberalized and open up the, economy and removed all restrictions on trade, New Economic Policy (NEP-1991), Wide ranging economic reforms were announced in 1991.The government, announce a two part programme, I., , Stabilisations measures: Stabilisation means short term measures to control, inflation and to remove balance of payment crisis., , II., , Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAP) means the long term measures, to improve the efficiency of the economy., The government introduced variety of policies. These can be classifies in to, , three heads, Vijayabheri, District Panchayat, Malappuram & META, , Page 1

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02.07.2021, , Plus One Economics, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Focus Area, , 1-Liberalisation:, Liberalisation means liberating the economy from all restrictions. Major, reforms are;, 1., , 2., , 3., , 4., , 5., , Industrial Sector reforms, •, , Industrial sector deregulated, , •, , Industrial licensing abolished, , •, , Only some industries were reserved for public sector, , •, , Amendments of MRTP and FERA (FEMA), , •, , Dereservation of goods for small scale sector, , Financial Sector reforms, •, , Bank branch licensing liberalised, , •, , Reduced the role of RBI on financial sector, , •, , New generation banks and foreign banks were allowed, , •, , CRR and SLR reduced, , •, , Insurance sector privatised, , •, , Promotion of liberalization of Capital Market., , Tax Reforms, •, , Income tax, Excise duty, customs duty and corporate tax were, reduced., , •, , Introduction of GST. (GST came into effect in July 2017), , Foreign Exchange Reforms, •, , Devaluation of Indian Rupees, , •, , Fixed exchange rate system was replaced by market determined, exchange rate, , Trade and Investment policy reforms, •, , Quantitative restrictions on imports (quota) removed, , •, , Reduction of Tariff rate., , •, , Imports liberalised, , •, , Export duties removed, , Vijayabheri, District Panchayat, Malappuram & META, , Page 2

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02.07.2021, , Plus One Economics, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Focus Area, , Privatisation, Giving away of ownership of government enterprises to private companies., There are two ways of privatisation, 1., , Withdrawal of government from the ownership of Public Sector Units, , 2., , Disinvestment: It implies selling of government shares of public sector, undertakings to the private sector., , Disinvestment aims at:, •, , Improving the management of PSUs, , •, , Improving the financial performance of PSUs, , •, , To enable companies to raise financial resources from the market, , •, , Raising revenue for the government, , •, , Encouraged FDI, Some profit making PSUs were given autonomy and were given special, , status. These enterprises were classified as ‘Navaratnas’ and ‘miniratnas’, *Navaratnas - Important among them are: IOC, HPCL, BPCL, ONGC, SAIL, Globalisation, Globalisation means integration of the countries of the world., Globalisation implies:, •, , Closure integration of economies, , •, , Free flow of goods and services, Capital and knowledge, , •, , Extension of market, , Out Sourcing, Out sourcing means sourcing from outside. This is one of the important, outcomes of globalisation. In outsourcing a company hires regular services from, external sources. For example, Services like software, IT enabled services,, Accounting, Legal services and editing on BPO, , Vijayabheri, District Panchayat, Malappuram & META, , Page 3

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02.07.2021, , Plus One Economics, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Focus Area, , India became a good destination for outsourcing because of the following, favorable conditions., •, , Low wage rate of labourers, , •, , Availability of skilled labourers, , •, , Proficiency in English language, , •, , Better time zone, , World Trade Organisation (WTO), WTO was established in 1995 as the successor of GATT (General, Agreement on Tariffs and Trade) It was established in 1948., Aims of WTO, •, , Provide equal opportunities to all countries in international market, , •, , Remove tariff and non-tariff barriers on trade, , •, , Encourage multi-lateral trade, , •, , Extension of Trade by including services like banking and insurance etc, , Indian Economy during reforms of 1991: An Assessment, (Impact of NEP), Now our nation has completed 28 years of economic reforms. The reforms, produced some positive and negative impacts, Positive Impacts, 1., , GDP was increased from 5.79 % in 1980 to 7.6% in 2016, , 2., , Foreign investment was increased. In 1991 it was 103 million$ during 200506 it reached to 20243 million $, , 3., , Foreign exchange reserve was increased, , 4., , Export was increased, , 5., , Poverty rate was decreased to 22% by 2012, , Vijayabheri, District Panchayat, Malappuram & META, , Page 4

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02.07.2021, , Plus One Economics, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Focus Area, , Negative Impact, Effects on agriculture: Growth rate of agriculture has been decreased. The, agricultural growth rate was only 3%. The reasons for the poor performance of, agriculture were the following., •, •, •, •, •, , Reduced agricultural subsidies, Raise in the cost of production of agriculture, Fall in the price of agricultural products, Lack of government investments, Higher exports of cash crops instead of food crops led to food crisis, , Effects on industry, Industrial growth also declined during this period due to following reasons, •, •, •, •, , Cheap imports, Foreign competition, Lack of modern technology, Lack of infrastructure investment, , Effects on Employment, •, , Even though GDP increased it has not generated sufficient employment, opportunities, So this GDP growth was known as job-less growth, , •, , Mismanagement of disinvestment policy, , Effects on Disinvestment, In the name of disinvestment, many PSUs have been undervalued and sold, in the market at low price. Really the disinvestment policy became the policy of, corruption., Effects on fiscal policy, •, , Tax reforms failed to get desired result, , •, , Tax GDP ratio was not impressive, , •, , Loss of social justice and welfare, , •, , New Economic policy resulted to concentration of wealth in to few hands, Rich -poor disparity increased, , Vijayabheri, District Panchayat, Malappuram & META, , Page 5

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02.07.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Plus One Economics, , Focus Area, , Chapter 4, POVERTY, Poverty is defined as the inability to secure basic necessities of life like food,, clothing, shelter, health, etc…, Absolute and Relative Poverty, •, , Absolute Poverty means the lack of minimum needs., , •, , Relative Poverty means poverty in comparative sense., , Who are the Poor?, •, , The people who live in Slums., , •, , Street Vendors, , •, , Servants, , •, , Beggars., , •, , People who live in Huts., , •, , Landless farmers, , Features of Poverty in India., o, , Malnutrition., , o, , Illiteracy, , o, , Lack of assets, , o, , Unemployment., , o, , High Maternal Mortality Rate., , o, , High Infant Mortality Rate., , o, , No access to Electricity, Drinking Water, Sanitation., , Jail Cost of Living Index., It is a Criteria to measure Poverty Line. The items given to a prisoner and, the prevailing prices of these items to calculate “a Jail Cost of Living. It was, associated with Dadabai Navaroji., , Vijayabheri, District Panchayat, Malappuram & META, , Page 6

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02.07.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Plus One Economics, , Focus Area, , Types of Poverty, I., , Chronic Poverty, , , , Always Poor, Usually Poor, , II. Transient poor, , , Churning Poor, , , , Occasionally Poor, , Poverty Line, It is the Imaginary line which divides the people as Poor and Non Poor., Poverty line was defined in Rural areas as 2400 Calories intake for a person and In, Urban areas as 2100 Calories for a person per day. Based on this, in 2012 the, Poverty Line was defined for Rural areas as consumption worth ₨.816 per person, a month and for Urban areas it was Rs.1000., The Number of Poor in India, , , Head Count Ratio., , The number of Poor is estimated as the Proportion of people below the, Poverty line., HCR =, , No. of Poor, Total Population, , The official data on poverty is collecting by NSSO and made available by, the ‘NITI AYOG’, Causes of Poverty., , , , Low Income, Unemployment, , , , , , Inequality of income and wealth., Exploitation., Inflation., , , , Stagnation in Agriculture Sector., , Vijayabheri, District Panchayat, Malappuram & META, , Page 7

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02.07.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Plus One Economics, , Focus Area, , Chapter – 8, INFRASTRUCTURE, Infrastructure means the basic facilities required for the development of the, country such as education, health, transportation and communication etc. It is the, back bone of the nation, Infrastructure can be classified into two: Economic and Social, Economic Infrastructure, Energy, Transportation, Communication, banking etc.,, Social Infrastructure, Education, Health, Drinking water, sanitation etc.,, Importance (relevance) of infrastructure:, •, , Supports industrial and agricultural development, , •, , Increase the productivity, , •, , Enhance the quality of life, , •, , Provide better health care system, , •, , Reduce poverty and unemployment, , The State of Infrastructure in India, Government’s investments in infrastructure are inadequate therefore private, sector and joint partnership with public sector plays an important role in, infrastructure development., •, , Poor rural Infrastructure, , •, , Only 56% of rural households have electricity., , •, , 43% of rural household still use Kerosene., , •, , 90 % of rural households use bio-fuels for cooking., , •, , Tap water availability is limited 24 % only., , •, , 76 % rural households depend on open sources., , Vijayabheri, District Panchayat, Malappuram & META, , Page 10

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02.07.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Plus One Economics, , Focus Area, , ENERGY, Economic activities require energy. It is essential for industries, agriculture, and service sector, Sources of energy, Energy sources can be classified in to Commercial energy and Non-commercial, energy:, Commercial energy is used for commercial purposes. Commercial sources are, Coal, Petroleum products, natural gas and Electricity., Non-Commercial energy is used for non-commercial activities like cooking., Examples: fire wood, Agricultural waste and dried animal dung., An important difference between commercial energy and non-commercial, energy is that the former is exhaustible and the latter is renewable., Conventional and Non- conventional energy sources:, -, , Energy can also be classified in to Conventional and non-conventional, energy, , -, , Coal, Petroleum and electricity are conventional energy. They are nonrenewable and cause pollution., , -, , Non-Conventional sources of energy are solar energy, wind energy, tidal, power and biomass etc., It is renewable and pollution free., , Consumption Pattern of commercial Energy, At present, commercial energy consumption: 65 % of total energy (coal 55%, Oil, 31%, natural gas 11%, hydro energy 3%), Non-Commercial energy: 35 %, Electricity / Power, Important sources of electricity are Hydro, Thermal and nuclear plants., Electricity is generated by utilities like Electricity Board, Corporations. Many, companies have their own power generation plants which are called Non-utilities., Vijayabheri, District Panchayat, Malappuram & META, , Page 11

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02.07.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Plus One Economics, , Focus Area, , Primary energy resources are, Coal, hydro carbons, hydro energy, nuclear, energy etc., Electricity is a secondary form of energy produced from the primary, energy resources., Challenges of power sector, •, , Insufficient power generation capacity, , •, , Transmissions and distribution loss, , •, , Shortage of raw materials, , •, , Frequent power cuts, , •, , Power theft, , Measurers to solve the problems of power sector, 1., , Promote the use of renewable energy sources, , 2., , Find the new supply of raw materials, , 3., 4., , Use energy saving appliances like CFL, and LED, Increase government investments, , 5., , Reduction of distribution and transmission loss, HEALTH, Health is an important yard-stick of one`s wellbeing, Healthy population is, , the most productive resource of a nation,, Health Indicators, •, , Infant Mortality, , •, , Maternal mortality, , •, , Life Expectancy, , •, , Nutritional levels, , •, , Incidence of communicable and non-communicable diseases, , State of Health infrastructure, Government has an important role to Guide and regulate all health-related, issues such as medical education, adulteration of food, Drugs, Medical profession,, vital statics, etc… Government operates many hospitals and medical facilities for, , Vijayabheri, District Panchayat, Malappuram & META, , Page 12

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02.07.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Plus One Economics, , Focus Area, , the welfare of the people. Health infrastructure includes hospitals, Nurses, doctors, and para medical staff, beds, medical equipment and adequate medicines, Health care system in India, In India there is a tree tier health care system, 1-, , Primary Health Care system, , 2-, , Secondary health care system, , 3-, , Tertiary health care system, , Primary health care system – PHC`s, •, , Provide awareness about epidemics, , •, , Maternal and child health care, , •, , Immunisation against certain diseases, , •, , Provision of essential medicines, , Secondary health care system, Hospitals with medical treatment and diagnosis using medical facilities like, X-Ray, ECG, Scanning and Surgery etc.,, Tertiary health care system, The top health care and medical research institutions come under this, system. Eg:- Medical Colleges, AIIMS, NIMHANS etc.,, Role of Private Sector, Public health care system is highly inadequate. To solve this problem our, nation, promote private sector participation in the health care system. Private sector, controls 70% of hospitals in our country. There has been explosive growth of, medical enterprises and medical colleges in the private sector, Pharmaceutical, industries dominated by private sector., Indian System of Medicine (ISM), ISM comprises of six systems this is called AYUSH, • Ayurvedha, • Unani, , • Naturopathy, • Sidha, , Vijayabheri, District Panchayat, Malappuram & META, , • Yoga, • Homeopathy, Page 13

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02.07.2021, , Plus One Economics, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Focus Area, , Medical Tourism, Medical tourism is tourism for medical treatment. Foreigners are coming to, India for treatment because of:, •, , India has highly advanced medical infrastructure, , •, , Highly qualified doctors, , •, , Well-developed pharmaceutical industry, , •, , Cost of medical treatment is low, , Health care system – A critical Appraisal, 12-, , Urban-rural disparity, Rich -poor divide, , 3456-, , Burden of diseases, Problem of privatisation, Women`s health problems, Lack of government investments, , 7-, , Shortage of doctors in rural areas, , Women's Health, There are big gender disparities in education, health and employment, for, example;, •, , Female literacy is lower than male literacy, , •, , Female work participation in organised sector is low, , •, , Morbidity level are higher, , •, , Malnourishment is higher among females, , •, , They are anaemic, , •, , Problem of female foeticide, , Vijayabheri, District Panchayat, Malappuram & META, , Page 14

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02.07.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Plus One Economics, , Focus Area, , Chapter 9, ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT, Environment - Definition, •, , Total planetary inheritance and the totality of resources, it includes Biotic, and Abiotic factors., , •, , Biotic Factors: All living elements such as Animals, Birds, Plants, forests,, fisheries, etc…, , •, , Abiotic Factors: All non- living elements Land, Air, Water, Rocks, Sunlight,, etc…, , Functions of the Environment, , , Supplies Resources, o, Renewable Resources –Water, Air, etc…, o, , Non Renewable Resources –Coal, Petrol, etc…, , , , , Assimilates Waste, Sustains life by providing genetic and Biodiversity., , , , Aesthetic Services like Scenery., , Carrying Capacity and Absorptive Capacity, Carrying capacity is regenerating capacity of the environment. Absorptive, capacity is the capacity to absorb degradation by the environment., Environment Issues., , , , , Air Pollution., , , , Industrialisation., Heavy Use of Motor Vehicles., , , , Deforestation., , Water Pollution, , , , Dumping of Solid Waste, Flow of Industrial Waste, , Vijayabheri, District Panchayat, Malappuram & META, , Page 15

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02.07.2021, , Plus One Economics, , , , , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Focus Area, , Heavy Use of Chemical Pesticides and Fertilizers in the land, , Global warming, , , It is a gradual increase in the average temperature of the earth’s lower, atmosphere as a result of the increase in greenhouse gases., , Causes, •, , Deforestation, , •, , Burning of Fossil Fuels., , •, , Omission of Carbondyoxide and Carbon monoxide, , •, , Industrialisation., , Results, •, , Climate change., , •, , Biodiversity Loss, , •, , Melting Polar Ice., , •, , Rise in Sea level and Flood., , , , Ozone Depletion, , •, , It refers to the phenomenon of reductions in the amount of Ozone in the, Stratosphere., , Causes., •, , Industrialisation., , •, , Heavy Use of CFC, HCF Products like Air Conditioner, Refrigerator, etc…, , Results, •, , Biodiversity Loss., , •, , More Ultraviolet rays come to earth, responsible for Skin Cancer., , , , Land Degradation, , •, , Deforestation., , •, , Encroachment to Forest Land, , •, , Natural Calamities, , Vijayabheri, District Panchayat, Malappuram & META, , Page 16

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02.07.2021, , Plus One Economics, , •, , Heavy Use of Chemical Fertilisers and Pesticides, , •, , Soil Erosion, , •, , Forest fire and over grazing., , •, , Improper crop rotation., , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Focus Area, , State of India’s Environment, , , Abundant Natural Resources., , , , , , Hundreds of Rivers and Tributaries, Lush Green Forests., Plenty of Mineral Deposits., , , , Vast Stretch of the Indian Ocean., , , , Ranges of Mountains., , , , The black soil of the Deccan Platue., , Chipko Movement, , , It aimed at protecting Forest in the Himalayas. In Karnataka the similar, movement is known as Appiko. Sundarlal Bahuguna started the Chipko, Movement, , Kyoto Protocol, , , A United Nations conference on Climate change held in Kyoto- Japan, 1997,, resulted in an International Agreement to fight against Global Warming., , Sustainable Development, It is an eco-friendly development that sustains itself. According to UNCED, “Development that meets the need of the present generation without compromising, the ability of the future generation to meet their own needs.”, Strategies for Sustainable Development, A., , Use of Non-Conventional Sources of Energy, , , , Conventional Energy sources are Exhaustible and not Eco-friendly., , , , Promote Non –Conventional Energy sources Such as, Wind Power, Solar,, etc…, , Vijayabheri, District Panchayat, Malappuram & META, , Page 17

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02.07.2021, , Plus One Economics, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Focus Area, , B., , Use LPG, Gobar gas in rural areas., , , , To rectify the problem of Deforestation and Air Pollution, we can promote, the use of LPG and Gobar Gas in Rural areas., , C., , Use CNG in Urban Areas, The use of CNG reduces air pollution., , D., , Solar Energy., Energy stored in Solar Photovoltaic cells. It is renewable and pollution free., , E., , Wind Power., Wind turbines move with the help of wind and electricity is generated, it is, , renewable., F., , Mini-Hydel Plants, Generate power to meet local demands. It is environmental friendly., , G., , Traditional Knowledge and Practices., Traditional knowledge and practices like Ayurveda, Unani and Folk system, , are to be widely used., H., , Bio Composting, It is compost made from organic waste., , I., , Bio pest Control, Bio pesticides are produced from plant products. Neam and Tobacco are, , good Bio pesticides., J., , Promote Organic Farming, , It is an Agricultural system that uses ecologically based controls and, Biological fertilizers derived largely from Bio waste., , Vijayabheri, District Panchayat, Malappuram & META, , Page 18

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02.07.2021, , Plus One Economics, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Focus Area, , Merits, o, o, , Eco-Friendly, Maintain Ecological Balance, , o, o, , Highly Nutritious, Highest Export Value., , o, , Labour Intensive., , Limitations, , , Low yielding compared to modern Farming., , , , More vulnerable to posts, , Vijayabheri, District Panchayat, Malappuram & META, , Page 19

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02.07.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Plus One Economics, , Focus Area, , Contents, , Chapter 1, Introduction, , Chapter 2, Collection of Data, , Chapter 3, Organization of Data, , Chapter 4, Presentation of Data, , Chapter 9, Use of Statistical Tools, , 1., , Why Economics?, , 2., , Statistics in Economics, , 3., , What is Statistics?, , 4., , What Statistics Does?, , 5., , Conclusion, , 1., , Introduction, , 2., , What are the Sources of Data?, , 3., , How do we collect the data?, , 4., , Census and Sample Surveys Sample and NonSampling Errors, , 5., , Census of India and NSSO, , 6., , Conclusion, , 1., , Introduction, , 2., , Raw Data, , 3., , Classification of Data, , 4., , Variables: Continuous and Discrete, , 5., , What is a Frequency Distribution?, , 6., , Bivariate Frequency Distribution, , 7., , Conclusion, , 1., , Introduction, , 2., , Textual Presentation of Data, , 3., , Tabular Presentation of Data, , 4., , Tabulation of Data and Parts of a Table, , 5., , Diagrammatic Presentation of Data, , 6., , Conclusion, , 1., , Introduction, , 2., , Steps Towards Making a Project, , Vijayabheri, District Panchayat, Malappuram & META, , Page 21

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02.07.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Plus One Economics, , Focus Area, , Chapter – 1, INTRODUCTION, , What is Economics?, “It is the study of man in the ordinary business of life.”, – Alfred Marshal-, , The term ordinary business of life includes, the behavior of seller, consumer,, producer, service provider etc., Why economics?, , , Human wants are unlimited, , , , Resources are scarce, , , , The resources have alternative uses, , , , There arise problem of choice, So economics studies how to satisfy the unlimited human wants with limited, , resources which have alternative uses., Basic economic activities: They are production, consumption and distribution., Meaning of Statistics, Statistics can be defined in singular and plural sense, Singular Sense, Statistics means different methods used for the collection, classification,, analysis, interpretation and presentation of numerical data., Plural Sense, Quantitative information or data., , Vijayabheri, District Panchayat, Malappuram & META, , Page 22

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02.07.2021, , Plus One Economics, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Focus Area, , Economic data, Two types;, 1), , Quantitative data, , Classification of data based on the quantities that can be measured. Eg: - Height,, Weight, Income, Price, Tax etc., 2), , Qualitative data, , Classification of data based on qualities or attributes. Eg:- Honesty, Intelligence,, Aptitude, beauty etc., What ‘statistics’ does?, (Importance or Uses of statistics in economics), , , , , It is helpful to present economic facts in a precise and definite form., It is helpful in condensing mass data into a single figure, It is helpful to understand an economic problem., , , , , , , It is helpful to find out the causes of economic problems, It is helpful to formulate suitable economic policies, It is helpful in finding relationships between different economic factors, It is helpful to predict future trends and changes in the economy., , , , It is helpful to formulate plans and policies., , Limitations of Statistics, , , , , Statistics does not study individual facts, Statistics deals only with quantitative data., Statistics does not give 100% accurate result, , , , Statistics can be misused., , Vijayabheri, District Panchayat, Malappuram & META, , Page 23

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02.07.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Plus One Economics, , Focus Area, , Chapter-2, COLLECTION OF DATA, In the collection of data, the following terms are commonly used., Investigator: - The person or institution which conducts statistical study, Enumerator: - The person who collects data from the field of study, Respondent: - The person who provides data to the investigator or enumerator., Universe, , :, , Area of collecting data, , Population : Totality of the items under study., Sources of data – Two types, a), , Primary Data, Data collected directly by the enumerator are called primary data. It is the, , first hand information & Original., Eg:- Census, Merits:, •, , It is More reliable, , •, , It is more accurate, , •, , Data can collects directly, , •, , Original data, , Demerits:, •, , Collection is more expensive & time consuming,, , •, , Trained enumerator required for the collection of data, , •, , Personal bias of enumerator affects the data, , b), , Secondary data, Data collected from published / unpublished sources are known as secondary, , data., , Vijayabheri, District Panchayat, Malappuram & META, , Page 24

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02.07.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Plus One Economics, , Focus Area, , Eg:- for published source:, Govt. publications, newspaper, magazine, website, reports of various, agencies. etc., Eg: for Unpublished Source:, Unpublished data from private offices. Research institutions etc., Merits, , Less expensive, , , , Demerits:, Less accurate data, , , , Less time required,, , , , Less reliable, , , , No enumerators required, , , , Low clarity, , How do we collect Primary data?, Survey is used for collecting primary data., Survey, Survey is a method of gathering information from individuals. The tool of, survey is questionnaire/ interview schedule. Questionnaire is a list of questions, and possible answers prepared by investigator for conducting survey., Characteristics or Qualities of a Good Questionnaire, •, , Questions should be simple and easy to understand., , •, , Questions does not become too long., , •, , Avoid personal questions., , •, , Questions should move from general to specific., , •, , Questions should not use double negatives., Methods of collecting primary data, , 1., , Personal interview, The investigator conducts face to-face interviews with the respondents is, , known as personal interview, , Vijayabheri, District Panchayat, Malappuram & META, , Page 25

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02.07.2021, , Plus One Economics, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Focus Area, , Advantages, , , , High response rate, Can use all types of questions, , , , Best for open-ended questions, , , , Chance for clarification of questions., , Disadvantages, , , It is expensive & time consuming, , , , Possibility of influencing respondents, , , , Unsuitable when the area of study is large., , 2., , Mailing a questionnaire., Questionnaire is sent to each individual by mail with a request to complete, , and return it by a given date., Advantages, , , Less expensive, , , , Suitable to remote area, , , , , No influence on respondents, Best for sensitive questions, , Disadvantages, , , , , Cannot be used by illiterates, Reactions cannot be watched, Cannot explain ambiguous questions, , , , Long response time, , 3., , Telephonic interview, The data are collected from the respondents over telephone., , Advantages, , , , Relatively low cost, Less influence on respondents, , , , Relatively high response rate, , Vijayabheri, District Panchayat, Malappuram & META, , Page 26

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02.07.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Plus One Economics, , Focus Area, , Disadvantages, , , , Limited use, Reactions of respondents cannot be watched, , , , Possibility of influencing respondents., , Pilot Survey, It is a pre-testing of questionnaire with in a small group. It provides a, preliminary idea about the actual survey., Importance of Pilot Survey, , , It helps to know the shortcomings of the questions., , , , , It also helps to assess the suitability of questions & clarity of instructions,, It assess the performance of enumerators, , , , We can measure cost and time involved in the actual survey, CENSUS AND SAMPLE SURVEYS, , Census, A survey, which includes every element of the population, is known as, Census or the Method of Complete Enumeration, Advantages, , , , , Studies each and every unit, Accurate & reliable result, Free from sampling errors, , , , Useful for further studies, , Disadvantages, , , , , Time consuming, Expensive, More enumerators needed, , , , Not applicable for infinite population, , Vijayabheri, District Panchayat, Malappuram & META, , Page 27

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02.07.2021, , Plus One Economics, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Focus Area, , Sample Survey, Sampling is the process of selection of sample from the population. A, sample refers to a group or section of the population from which information is to, be obtained., Advantages, , , , , , Lower cost, Reliable & accurate information, Less time, Smaller team of enumerators required, , Methods of sampling, Mainly, there are two methods of sampling., 1., 2., , Random sampling, Non – random sampling, , Random sampling, Every individual of the population has been an equal chance of to be, selected as the sample. Two methods of random sampling are;, a), b), , Lottery method, Random table number method, , Lottery method:- Under this method, all items of the population are numbered on, separate paper slips of identical size and shape. Then these paper slips are put in to, container and shuffled well. A blind selection of paper slips is made from the, container to construct the sample., Random number table:- Under this method random numbers are generated by, specific mathematical method based on probability., Non random sampling, Every individual of the population has no equal chance of being selected as, the sample. Main forms of non-random sampling are;, a), b), c), , Convenient sampling, Judgment sampling, Quota sampling, , Vijayabheri, District Panchayat, Malappuram & META, , Page 28

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02.07.2021, , Plus One Economics, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Focus Area, , Sampling error, Sampling error is the difference between an actual value (Census method), and a sample value (Sampling method), Sampling error = size of population – size of sample, Or, Sampling error = Actual value – estimated Value, Sampling error can be minimized by taking large number of samples., Non Sampling Error, Errors arising at the time of observation, tabulation etc. are called non, Sampling errors. It is more serious than sample error. Some of the non-sampling, errors are;, , , , , , Error in data acquisition, Mistakes in copy writings, Non-Response Errors, Sampling Bias, National and state level agencies for data collection, , , , Census of India, , , , , , , , The census of India provides complete demographic records of population., In India census is carried out every ten years., Census data collected and published by the Registrar General of India., The first official census in India was held in 1881., The last Census of India was held in 2011, , , , National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO), , NSSO was established to conduct nation-wide survey on different socio, economics issues like poverty, unemployment etc...'Sarvekshana' is the quarterly, publication of NSSO, , , , , , Central Statistics Organization (CSO), Registrar General of India (RGI), Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence and Statistics (DGCIS), Labour Bureau, etc., , Vijayabheri, District Panchayat, Malappuram & META, , Page 29

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02.07.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Plus One Economics, , Focus Area, , Chapter – 3, ORGANISATION OF DATA, Raw Data, Data collected in its original form is called raw data., Classification of Data, The arrangements of data in to groups or classes according to the similarities, are called classification of data., Types of classification, 1., , Chronological classification:- Classification based on time such as years,, months, weeks etc., , 2., , Geographical or spatial classification:- Classification based on area or, geographical differences, , 3., , Qualitative classification:- Classification based on quality or attributes, such as intelligence, beauty etc., , 4., , Quantitative classification:- Classification based on quantities such as, height, weight etc., , Variable, Variables are those data, which can be expressed or measured in terms of, quantity. These values are capable of changing from unit to unit. Eg:- Height,, weight, distance etc., Variables can be classified into two;, , 1., , Discrete variable., Discrete variable is those which can take only certain values., Eg:- 1, 2, 3, 4 etc., , Vijayabheri, District Panchayat, Malappuram & META, , Page 30

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02.07.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Plus One Economics, , 2., , Focus Area, , Continuous Variable, A Continuous variable is that which can take any numerical value between, , two values such as fractional, decimal, certain values., Eg:- 1, 2, 3, 4.5, 5.2,, , 1, , 2,, , 2, , 3, , , etc., , Methods of arranging data, , 1., 2., 3., , Array (Individual Series), Frequency array (Discrete series ), Frequency distribution (Continuous series), , Array, The arrangements of data in ascending or descending order of magnitude., Example: - Raw data: 7,3,5,2,4,1,6 ------> Array: 1,2,3,4,5,6,7., Frequency array, It is the arrangement of data of a discrete variable. Here, items are arranged, with frequencies., Construct a frequency array for the following data., Example:-40, 50, 30, 10, 40, 30, 20, 40, 10, 30, 40, 50, 20, 50, 40, 30, 20, 40, 20,, 30, 50, 40, 40, 30, 20, 30, 40, 30, 40,, Marks, 10, , Frequencies, 2, , 20, , 5, , 30, , 8, , 40, , 10, , 50, , 4, , Frequency Distribution, An orderly arrangement of data according to the magnitude of observations, in different classes along with their corresponding frequencies is known as, frequency distribution., , Vijayabheri, District Panchayat, Malappuram & META, , Page 31

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02.07.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Plus One Economics, , Focus Area, , Example: - Construct a frequency distribution table for following data., 49, 2, 55, 20, 45, 39, 53, 10, 60, 43, 31, 59, 29, 47, 35, 54, 6, 49, 36, 51, 25, 32, 13,, 40, 30, 26, 39, 44, 9, 34, 23, 31, 48, 18, 38, 27, 32, 0, 35, 24, 15, 14, 21, 12, 25, 28,, 11, 19, 16, 69, , We have to know the following things while constructing frequency, distribution., , , Selection of class, A class should not be too big or too small. There should not be too much, , classes or too short. Eg:- 0-10, 10-20, 20-30 etc., , , Class Limits, The class limits are the lowest and the highest values that can be included in, , the class., In the class 20 – 30, 20 is the lower class limit 30 is upper class limit., , , Class interval or Class width, It is the difference between the upper and lower class limits., Class interval = upper limit – lower limit, The class interval of the class 50 – 100 is 50 i.e. (100 – 50 = 50), , , , Class mid-point or Class mark, , Vijayabheri, District Panchayat, Malappuram & META, , Page 32

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02.07.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Plus One Economics, , , , Focus Area, , Class frequency (f), The number of values corresponding to a particular class is known as the, , class frequency., Example:Class, , Frequency (f), , Lower class, limit, , Upper class, limit, , Class, interval, , Class midpoint, , 0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, 40-50, , 5, 20, 10, 25, 15, , 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, , 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, , 10, 10, 10, 10, 10, , 5, 15, 25, 35, 45, , How to prepare frequency distribution., The following points should be kept in mind while preparing a frequency, distribution, 1., 2., , Decide the number of classes., Size of each class, , 4., , Determination of class limits, Availability of class frequencies, , 5., , Putting tally mark ( / ) for each frequency, , 3., , Question:- Prepare a frequency distribution for the following data., , Answer:-, , Vijayabheri, District Panchayat, Malappuram & META, , Page 33

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02.07.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Plus One Economics, , Focus Area, , Different methods of constructing frequency distribution, There are two methods;, a), , Exclusive method, Under this method, upper limit of one class will be lower limit of next class., , Example:-, , a), , Class, , Frequency (f), , 0-10, , 5, , 10-20, , 20, , 20-30, , 10, , 30-40, , 25, , 40-50, , 15, , Inclusive method, The upper limit and lower limit of one class includes in that class itself, , Example:Class, , Frequency (f), , 0-9, , 10, , 10-19, , 15, , 20-29, , 5, , 30-39, , 2, , 40-49, , 1, , Conversion of inclusive class into exclusive class., , , Find the difference between the lower limit of 2nd class and upper limit of 1st, class, , , , Divide the difference by 2, , , , Subtract the value from lower limits and add to upper limits., , Vijayabheri, District Panchayat, Malappuram & META, , Page 34

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02.07.2021, , Plus One Economics, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Focus Area, , Example:Inclusive Method, , Exclusive Method, , Univariate & Bivariate distribution, a), , Univariate Frequency Distribution, The frequency distribution of a single variable is called a univariate, , distribution, b), , Bivariate Frequency Distribution:, A bivariate distribution is the frequency distribution of two variables., , Vijayabheri, District Panchayat, Malappuram & META, , Page 35

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02.07.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Plus One Economics, , Focus Area, , Chapter – 4, PRESENTATION OF DATA, There are three forms of presentation of data:, 1., 2., , Textual or descriptive Presentation, Tabular Presentation, , 3., , Diagrammatic Presentation, , Textual or descriptive Presentation of Data, In textual presentation, data are presented in the form of text., Eg:- During the second wave of covid 19, a lock down declared in Malappuram, town, 82 shops were closed while 7 medical stores were found opened., Tabular Presentation of data, It is the systematic organization of data in rows and columns, Types of classification in tabulation of data, 1., , Chronological classification, , 2., 3., , Geographical or spatial classification, Qualitative classification, , 4., , Quantitative classification., , Parts of a table, a), , Table number, , b), , Title :- It gives a brief description of contents, , c), d), e), f), g), , Unit of measurement, Stubs:- Row headings, Captions:- Column headings, Body of the table:- Numerical information, Source note: - It is given just below the table. It represents the data sources, , h), , Foot note:- It gives further explanations to the items given in the table., , Vijayabheri, District Panchayat, Malappuram & META, , Page 36

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02.07.2021, , Plus One Economics, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Focus Area, , Diagrammatic Presentation of data, It is more effective method of presenting data than tables. It is impressive, and attractive form of presentation., Types of Diagrams, 1), 2), , Geometric diagrams, Frequency diagrams, , 3), , Arithmetic line graph, , A), , Geometric Diagram, , 1., , Bar diagram, , a), b), , Simple bar diagram, Multiple bar diagram, , c), , Component bar diagram, , 2., , Pie diagram, , Simple bar diagram, It is used for presenting simple set of data. Example given below;, , Vijayabheri, District Panchayat, Malappuram & META, , Page 37

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02.07.2021, , Plus One Economics, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Focus Area, , Multiple bar diagram, It is used for comparing two or more sets of data., Example:-, , Component Bar Diagram, It is also known as sub divided bar diagram. It is very useful in comparing, the size of different parts of each bar. In this diagram the total and sub divisions of, total are to be presented., , Vijayabheri, District Panchayat, Malappuram & META, , Page 38

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02.07.2021, , Plus One Economics, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Focus Area, , Example:-, , Pie diagram, It is a component diagram in which a circle is divided into different parts, according to the magnitude of data., Steps, •, , Convert the values in to percentage. I.e.,, , •, , Convert the percentage into angles (Percentage value X 3.6), , •, , Draw circle and divide into parts according to magnitudes., , Example:Qn. Draw pie diagram for the following, data, , Vijayabheri, District Panchayat, Malappuram & META, , Solution:-, , Page 39

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02.07.2021, , Plus One Economics, , B), , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Focus Area, , Frequency diagrams., Diagrams which represent grouped frequency distribution are called, , frequency diagrams., Important frequency diagrams are:, , , Histogram, , , , , Frequency polygon, Frequency Curve, , , , Ogive, , Histogram, It is a set of rectangles on which class interval plotted on X axis and, frequency on Y axis. It is a two dimensional diagram., Steps to draw, , , Plot class interval on X axis and frequency on Y axis., , , , Draw rectangles based on class intervals as width and frequencies as heights., , Example:Draw a histogram for the following data., , Vijayabheri, District Panchayat, Malappuram & META, , Page 40

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02.07.2021, , Plus One Economics, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Focus Area, , Frequency polygon, By joining the mid points of the top side of the rectangles of the histogram,, we get frequency polygon. It can be drawn with or without histogram., Example:-, , Frequency Curve, Frequency curve is obtained by joining the points of frequency polygon by, freehand smooth curve., Example:, , Vijayabheri, District Panchayat, Malappuram & META, , Page 41

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02.07.2021, , Plus One Economics, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Focus Area, , Ogives /Cumulative frequency curves, Ogives are of two types, 1. Less than ogive, It is the graph of less than cumulative frequencies. Less than cumulative, frequencies are obtained by adding the frequency of a class to its succeeding, frequencies., 2. More than ogive, It is the graph of more than cumulative frequencies. More than cumulative, frequencies are obtained by adding the frequency of a class to it’s preceding, frequencies., Steps to draw less than ogive, , , Take cumulative frequencies (CF) along Y axis and the upper class limit on, , , , X axis, Plot the cumulative frequencies against the upper class limit, , , , Connect the points with curve., , Steps to draw More than ogive, , , Take cumulative frequencies (CF) along Y axis and the Lower class limit on, , , , X axis, Plot the cumulative frequencies against the Lower class limit, , , , Connect the points with curve., , Example:, , Vijayabheri, District Panchayat, Malappuram & META, , Page 42

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02.07.2021, , Plus One Economics, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Focus Area, , Median value can be obtained by using ogives. The intersection point of, two ogives can be extended towards 'x' axis, the corresponding value is the median., Arithmetic line graph, It is also known as Time series graph. The graph represents different values, of variables in different time periods., , Vijayabheri, District Panchayat, Malappuram & META, , Page 43

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02.07.2021, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Plus One Economics, , Focus Area, , Chapter – 9, USE OF STATISTICAL TOOLS, What is a project?, Project means any plan or programme that includes the study of a particular, problem, its analysis and solution., Steps towards making a project, 1., , Identifying a problem or an area of study, The first step to prepare a project is identifying a problem for study. The, , purpose of the study should be clearly stated. Problems like poverty, availability of, drinking water problems, unemployment etc. may be considered for a project., 2., , Choice of target group, , The second step is to identify and choose the group from which data are to, be collected. If the project is related to drinking water, urban and rural population, forms a target group., 3., , Collection of data, Data can be collected by using different methods like personal interview,, , mailing questionnaire, telephone interview etc. Primary and secondary sources are, available for this purpose. The objective of survey determines which sources to be, selected for the collection of data., 4. Organisation and Presentation of data, The next step is to organize and present data in a systematic manner. The, collected data can be presented in the form of tables, graphs, diagrams etc., 5. Analysis and interpretation, Averages, measures of dispersion, correlation etc.. are the important, statistical tools for analysis and interpretation., , Vijayabheri, District Panchayat, Malappuram & META, , Page 44

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02.07.2021, , Plus One Economics, , Downloaded from www.Hsslive.in ®, , Focus Area, , 6. Conclusion, It is the last step. Based on the result, we can predict the future and give, suggestions for policy making, 7. Bibliography, Bibliography represents the detailed references used in the study., Structure of a Project Report, A standard project report should have certain essential elements. Such as;, 1., , Introduction, , 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., , Statement of the problem, Objectives, Methodology, Analysis, Limitations, , 7., , Conclusion, , Vijayabheri, District Panchayat, Malappuram & META, , Page 45