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Traditional Systems of Classification, 1., 2., , Classical Typologies, , The “three worlds” typology

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What is Government...???, , In its broadest sense, “to govern” means “to, rule” or “to control”, others, , Its central features being, the aboility to make, collective decisions adn, the capacity to enforce, them, , Can thus be identified in, almost all social, institutions: families,, scools, businesses, etc., , In common understanding, Refers to the formal and, institutional processess, that operate at the, natonal level to, maintainpublic order and, facilitate collective action, , The core functions are, thus to make law, (legislation), implement, law (execution), and, interpret law, (adjudication), , Can be identified only in, formal governmental, institutions

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Government, Political System, Regime, Government, •Refers to the, institutional processes, through which collective, and ususally binding, decisions are made, •Can be changed by, elections, through, dynastic succession, , Political, System, •Term encompasses not, only the mechanisms of, government and the, institution of the state,, but also the structures, and process through, interaction with the, larger society, •A subsystem of the larger, social system , there are, interrelationships relate, to the distribution of, ower, wealth and, resources in society, •A network of relationship, through which, government generates, output in response to, iinput from the general, public, , Regime, •A “system of rule” that, endures despite the fact, that governments come, and go., •Can be changed only by, military intervention, from without or by some, kind of revolutionary, upheaval from within

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Classical Typologies, Devised by Aristotle in the 4th century BCE, , Based on Aristotle’s analysis of the 158 Greek city-states then in, existence, This system dominated thinking on the subject for roughly the, next 2500 years, Broadly, government can be categorized basec on two basic, questions : “who rules?’ and “ who benefit from rule?”, Government can be placed in the hands of a single individual,, a small group, or the many, , Government could be conducted either in the selfish interests of, the rulers or for the benefit of the entire community, Traditional systems of classification were displaced by a growing, emphasis on the constitutional and institutional features.

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Aristotle’s six forms of Government, , Who Benefit?, , Who Rules?, , Rulers, All, , The Many, , One Person, , The Few, , Tyranny, , Oligarchy, , Democracy, , Monarchy, , Aristocracy, , Polity

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Aristotle’s opinion concerning, the six forms of Government, Form of Government, , Opinion, , Tyranny, ,  The worst of all possible constitutions,  as it reduces citizens to the status of, slaves, , Monarchy and Aristocracy, ,  Impractical,  They were based on a “God-like, willingness” to place the good of the, community before the rulers’s own, interests, , Polity, ,  Was accepted as the most practicable, of constitutions

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Principle of Sovereignty, 1, 2, , • The Aristotelian system was later developed by thinkers, such as Thomas Hobbes and Jean Bodin with the, particular concern in the “principle of sovereignty”, , • Sovereignty is viewed as the basis for all stable political, regimes, , 3, , • Sovereignty was taken to mean the “most high and, perpetual” power, a power that alone could guarantee, orderly rule., , 4, , • Hobbes portrayed sovereignty as a monopoly of coercive, power, implying that the sovereign was entirely, unconstrained.

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Constitutional Government, , 1, 2, , 3, , • The idea of sovereignty was later revised by the early liberals, such as john Locke and Montesquieu, , • Locke (in Two Treatises of Goverment) argued that sovereignty, resided with the people, and advocated a system of limited, government to provide protection for natural rights, notably the, rights to life, liberty and property., , • Montesquieu proposed a system of checks and balances in the, form of “a separation of powerw” between the executive,, legislative, and judicial institutions.

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The “three worlds” typology, The belief that the political world could be divided into three, distinct blocs based on the economic, ideologicl, political, and, strategic dimensions, , Blocs, , First World, , A, capitalist, , Second World, , A communist, , Third World, , A developing

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The “three worlds” typology, No, , World, , Economic, , Population, , 1, , Capitalist, (industrialized, western regimes), , 63% of the world’s GDP, (World Bank, 1985), , 15% of the world’s, population (world, bank, 1985), , 2, , Communist, (largely, industrialized ), , 19% of the world’s GDP, , 33% of the world’s, population, , 3, , Developing, , 18% of the world’s GDP, , 52% of the world’s, population

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The difference ideologies, No, , World, , Ideology, , Regime, , 1, , Capitalist, , Capitalis Principles,  Desirability of private, enterprise,  Material incentive,  Free market, , Liberal-democratic, politics based on a, competitive struggle, for power at election, time, , 2, , Communist, , Communist values,  Social equality,  Collective endeavour,  Need for centralized, planning, , “one-party” states, dominated by ruling, communist parties, , 3, , Developing, , Authoritarian, , Governed by, traditional, monarchs, dictators, or simply the army

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Regimes of the Modern World

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Regimes of the modern world, 1, 2, 3, , 4, 5, , • Since the late 1980s, regime-clasificassion industry has been in a, limbo, , • The three worlds division were certainly redundantbut the political, contours of the new world were far from clear, , • The emergence of the wave of idemocratization in th elate of 1980s, and early 1990 and also the collapse of communism, • The persistence of a western-centric viewpoint, liberal democracies, that implied the value such as individualism, right ad choice are, universally applicable, • The failure to recognie the significance of Islamic and Confucian, politica forms

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New system of classification, 1, , • Establishing a new system of classificasion is, difficult, , 2, , • The difficulties is that there is no concensus about, the criteria upon whih such a system should be, based, , 3, , • No system of classification relies on a single allimportan factors, , 4, , • Nevertheless, particular systems have tended to, prioritize different sets of criteria

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Parameters most commonly used, No, , Basic Parameters, , Detil Parameters, , 1, , Who rules?, , Is political participation confined to an elite body or, previleged group, or does it encompass the entire, population?, , 2, , How is compliance achieved?, , Is government obeyed as a result of the exercise or, threat of force, or through bargaining and, compromise?, , 3, , Is government power, centralized or fragmented ?, , What kinds of check and balance operate in the, political system?, , 4, , How is government power, acquired and transferred?, , Is a regime open and competitive, or is it monolithic?, , 5, , What is the balance between, the state and the individual?, , What is the distribution of rights and responsibilities, between government and citizens?, , 6, , What is the level of material, development?, , How materially affluent is the society, and how, equally is wealth distributed?, , 7, , How is economic life, organized?, , Is the economy geared to the market or to planning,, and what economic role does government play?, , 8, , How stable is a regime?, , Has the regime survived over time, and does it have, the capacity to respond to new demands and

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Regimes of the modern world, Western Polyarchies, , New Democracies, Regimes, , East Asian Regimes, Islamic Regimes, , Military Regimes

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Thank You