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ENGINEERING DRAWING, (NSQF), 1st Year, Common for All Engineering Trades under CTS, (Not applicable for Draughtsman Trade Group), (For all 1 Year & 2 Year Trades), , DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF TRAINING, MINISTRY OF SKILL DEVELOPMENT & ENTREPRENEURSHIP, GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, , NATIONAL INSTRUCTIONAL, MEDIA INSTITUTE, CHENNAI, Post Box No. 3142, CTI Campus, Guindy, Chennai - 600 032, (i), , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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Engineering Drawing (NSQF) - 1st Year, Common for all Engineering Trades under CTS (Not applicable for Draughtsman Trade Group), , Developed & Published by, , National Instructional Media Institute, Post Box No.3142, Guindy, Chennai - 32, INDIA, Email: [email protected], Website: www.nimi.gov.in, Printed by, National Instructional Media Institute, Chennai - 600 032, , First Edition, , :November 2019, , Rs.170/-, , ©, , (ii), , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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FOREWORD, , The Government of India has set an ambitious target of imparting skills to 30 crores people, one out of, every four Indians, by 2020 to help them secure jobs as part of the National Skills Development Policy., Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs) play a vital role in this process especially in terms of providing skilled, manpower. Keeping this in mind, and for providing the current industry relevant skill training to Trainees,, ITI syllabus has been recently updated with the help of comprising various stakeholder's viz. Industries,, Entrepreneurs, Academicians and representatives from ITIs., The National Instructional Media Institute (NIMI), Chennai, has now come up with instructional material to, suit the revised curriculum for Engineering Drawing 1st Year (For All 1 year & 2 year Trades) NSQF, Commom for all engineering trades under CTS will help the trainees to get an international equivalency, standard where their skill proficiency and competency will be duly recognized across the globe and this, will also increase the scope of recognition of prior learning. NSQF trainees will also get the opportunities, to promote life long learning and skill development. I have no doubt that with NSQF the trainers and, trainees of ITIs, and all stakeholders will derive maximum benefits from these IMPs and that NIMI's effort, will go a long way in improving the quality of Vocational training in the country., The Executive Director & Staff of NIMI and members of Media Development Committee deserve appreciation, for their contribution in bringing out this publication., Jai Hind, , RAJESH AGGARWAL, Director General/ Addl. Secretary, Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship,, Government of India., , New Delhi - 110 001, , (iii), , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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PREFACE, The National Instructional Media Institute(NIMI) was set up at Chennai, by the Directorate General of Training,, Ministry of skill Development and Entrepreneurship, Government of India, with the technical assistance, from the Govt of the Federal Republic of Germany with the prime objective of developing and disseminating, instructional Material for various trades as per prescribed syllabus and Craftsman Training Programme(CTS), under NSQF levels., The Instructional materials are developed and produced in the form of Instructional Media Packages (IMPs),, consisting of Trade Theory, Trade Practical, Test and Assignment Book, Instructor Guide, Wall charts,, Transparencies and other supportive materials. The above material will enable to achieve overall improvement, in the standard of training in ITIs., A national multi-skill programme called SKILL INDIA, was launched by the Government of India, through a, Gazette Notification from the Ministry of Finance (Dept of Economic Affairs), Govt of India, dated 27th, December 2013, with a view to create opportunities, space and scope for the development of talents of, Indian Youth, and to develop those sectors under Skill Development., The emphasis is to skill the Youth in such a manner to enable them to get employment and also improve, Entrepreneurship by providing training, support and guidance for all occupation that were of traditional, types. The training programme would be in the lines of International level, so that youths of our Country can, get employed within the Country or Overseas employment. The National Skill Qualification Framework, (NSQF), anchored at the National Skill Development Agency(NSDA), is a Nationally Integrated Education, and competency-based framework, to organize all qualifications according to a series of levels of Knowledge,, Skill and Aptitude. Under NSQF the learner can acquire the Certification for Competency needed at any, level through formal, non-formal or informal learning., The Engineering Drawing 1st Year (Comon for All 1 year & 2 year Engineering Trades under CTS) is one, of the book developed by the core group members as per the NSQF syllabus., The Engineering Drawing (Common for All 1 year & 2 year Engineering Trades under CTS as per NSQF), 1st Year is the outcome of the collective efforts of experts from Field Institutes of DGT, Champion ITI’s for, each of the Sectors, and also Media Development Committee (MDC) members and Staff of NIMI. NIMI, wishes that the above material will fulfill to satisfy the long needs of the trainees and instructors and shall, help the trainees for their Employability in Vocational Training., NIMI would like to take this opportunity to convey sincere thanks to all the Members and Media Development, Committee (MDC) members., , R. P. DHINGRA, EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR, , Chennai - 600 032, , (iv), , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT, The National Instructional Media Institute (NIMI) sincerely acknowledge with thanks the co-operation and, contribution of the following Media Developers to bring this IMP for the course Engineering Drawing (1st Year, (For All 1 year & 2 year Trades)) as per NSQF., , MEDIA DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE MEMBERS, Shri. M. Sangara pandian, , -, , Training Officer (Retd.), CTI, Guindy, Chennai., , Shri. G. Sathiamoorthy, , -, , Jr.Training Officer (Retd.), Govt I.T.I, DET - Tamilnadu., , NIMI CO-ORDINATORS, Shri. Nirmalya Nath, , -, , Deputy General Manager,, NIMI, Chennai - 32., , Shri. G. Michael Johny, , -, , Assistant Manager,, NIMI, Chennai - 32., , NIMI records its appreciation of the Data Entry, CAD, DTP Operators for their excellent and devoted services in, the process of development of this IMP., NIMI also acknowledges with thanks, the efforts rendered by all other staff who have contributed for the development, of this book., , (v), , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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INTRODUCTION, Theory and procedure along with the related exercises for further practice, This book on theory and procedure along with related exercises contains theoretical information on 1st year, Engineering drawing (for engineering trades of 1 year and 2 year) and procedure of drawing/ sketching different, exercise for further practice are also available. Wherever required, BIS specification has been used.., Exercise for further practice, The practice exercise is given with Theory and procedure for 1st Year book made obsolete as it was felt that, it is, very difficult to work in workbook using drawing instruments. It is well known fact that, any drawing is prepared on, suitable standard size of drawing sheets only., The instructor is herewith advised to go through the instructions given below and to follow them in view of imparting, much drawing skill in the trainees., Acquiring the above said ability and doing small drawings is not a simple task. These books will provide a good, platform for achieving the said skills., Time allotment:, Duration of 1st Year, , : 80 Hrs, , Time allotment for each module has been given below. Common to all 1 year and 2 year Engineering Trades., S.No, , Title, , Exercise No., , Time allotment, , 1, , Engineering Drawing Introduction, , 1.1.01 - 1.1.04, , 1, , 2, , Drawing Instrument, , 1.2.05 - 1.2.07, , 1, , 3, , Free hand drawing, , 1.3.08 - 1.3.14, , 10, , 4, , Lines, , 1.4.15 & 1.4.16, , 2, , 5, , Drawing of Geometrical figures, , 1.5.17 - 1.5.21, , 8, , 6, , Lettering & Numbering, , 1.6.22, , 6, , 7, , Dimensioning and its Practice, , 1.7.23 - 1.7.25, , 4, , 8, , Sizes and layout of drawing sheets, , 1.8.26, , 2, , 9, , Method of presentation of Engineering Drawing, , 1.9.27 & 1.9.28, , 2, , 10, , Symbolic representation – different symbols, used in the trades, , 1.10.29 - 1.10.33, , 6, , 11, , Projections, , 1.11.34 - 1.11.37, , 15, , 12, , Orthographic projection from isometric projection, , 1.12.38, , 15, , 13, , Reading of fabrication drawing, , 1.13.39, , 8, 80 Hrs, , Instructions to the Instructors, It is suggested to get the drawing prepared on A4/A3 sheets preferably on only one side. If separate table and chair, facility is available for every trainee then it is preferred to use A3 sheets and if the drawing hall is provided with, desks then A4 sheets may be used. However while preparing bigger drawings on A4 sheets suitable reduction, scale to be used or muiltiple sheets may be used for detailed and assembly drawings., First the border and the title block to be drawn only for the first sheet of the chapter. Eg. for conical sections only, first sheet will have the title block whereas the rest of the sheets of that chapter will have only borders., Serial number of sheet and total no. of sheets to be mentioned on each sheet., The completed sheet to be punched and filled in a box file/ suitable files and preserved by the trainees carefully, after the approval of instructors, VPS and Principals of the Institute., The file may be reffered by the authority before granting the internal marks at the end of 1st year., (vi), , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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CONTENTS, Exercise No., , Title of the Exercise, , Page No., , Engineering Drawing Introduction, 1.1.01, , Introduction to engineering drawing, , 1, , 1.1.02, , Conventions, , 4, , 1.1.03, , Views of engineering drawing sheets, , 5, , 1.1.04, , Method of folding of printed drawing sheets as per BIS SP: 46-2003, , 7, , Drawing Instrument, 1.2.05, , Drawing instruments - Drawing board, T - square, drafter (drafting machine), , 9, , 1.2.06, , Drawing instruments - Setsquares, protractor and scale, , 11, , 1.2.07, , Drawing Instruments box and pencils, , 12, , Free hand drawing, 1.3.08, , Free hand drawing of lines, , 15, , 1.3.09, , Free hand drawing - Polygons and ellipse, , 20, , 1.3.10, , Free hand drawing of geometrical figures and block with dimension, , 24, , 1.3.11, , Free hand drawing of transferring measurement from the given object, , 25, , 1.3.12, , Free hand drawing of solid figures, cubes, cuboids, cone, prism, pyramid,, frustum of cone with dimensions, , 29, , 1.3.13, , Freehand drawing of hand tools and measuring tools used in common trades, , 32, , 1.3.14, , Freehand drawing of simple fasteners (bolts, nuts and rivets etc.), trade related sketches, , 49, , Lines, 1.4.15, 1.4.16, , Lines - Definition, types and applications in drawing as per BIS: 46-2003, and classification of lines, , 51, , Lines - Drawing lines of given length (straight, curved), drawing of parallel lines,, perpendicular line and methods of division of line segment, , 55, , Drawing of Geometrical figures, 1.5.17, 1.5.18, 1.5.19, 1.5.20, 1.5.21, , Drawing of geometrical figures - Definition, nomenclature and practice of angle,, measurement and its types, and types of angle and triangle, , 59, , Drawing of geometrical figures - Method of bisecting practice of angles, and triangles, , 61, , Geometrical figures - Square, rectangle, rhombus, parallelogram, circle, and its elements, , 66, , Drawing of geometrical figures - Practice of square, rectangle, parallelogram,, rhombus and circle, , 68, , Drawing of geometrical figures - Different polygons and their values of included, angles. Inscribed and circumscribed polygons, , 74, , Lettering & Numbering, 1.6.22, , Lettering and numbering - Single stroke, double stroke and inclined, , (vii), , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License., , 77

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Exercise No., , Title of the Exercise, , Page No., , Dimensioning and its Practice, 1.7.23, 1.7.24, 1.7.25, , Dimensioning - Definition, and its types, types of arrow heads and leaderline, with text, , 85, , Dimensioning and its practice - Methods of dimensions and position of, dimensioning (aligned, unidirectional), , 87, , Symbols preceding the value of dimension and dimensional tolerance, , 97, , Sizes and layout of drawing sheets, 1.8.26, , Sizes and layout of drawing sheets - Selection of sizes, title Block, its position, & content and item reference on drawing sheet (item list), , 100, , Method of presentation of Engineering Drawing, 1.9.27, , Method of presentation of engineering drawing - Pictorial view and isometric view, , 104, , 1.9.28, , Method of presentation of engineering drawing - Orthographic views, , 114, , Symbolic representation – different symbols used in the trades, 1.10.29, , Symbolic representation - different symbols used in the trades - Fastener, (bolts, nuts and rivets), , 116, , 1.10.30, , Symbolic representation of bars and profile sections, , 119, , 1.10.31, , Symbolic representation of weld, brazed and soldered joints, , 120, , 1.10.32, , Symbolic representation of electrical and electronic elements, , 122, , 1.10.33, , Symbolic representation of piping joints and fittings, , 126, , Projections, 1.11.34, , Projections - Concept of axes plane and quadrant, , 128, , 1.11.35, , Projections - Orthographic projection, , 131, , 1.11.36, , Projection - Method of 1st angle and 3rd angle projections (Deifinition and, difference), , 136, , Projection - Symbol of 1st angle and 3rd angle projection as per IS specification, , 138, , 1.11.37, , Orthographic projection from isometric projection, 1.12.38, , Drawing of orthographic projection from isometric projection, , 139, , Reading of fabrication drawing, 1.13.39, , Reading of fabrication drawing for sheet metal worker trade, , 143, , LEARNING / ASSESSABLE OUTCOME, On completion of this book you shall be able to, • Read and apply engineering drawing for different application in the, field of work., , (viii), , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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SYLLABUS, 1st Year, , Common for all Engineering trades under CTS, Duration: One Year, (Not applicable for Draughtsman trade Group), , S.no., I, , Syllabus, , Time in Hrs, , Engineering Drawing – Introduction, , 1, , Introduction to Engineering Drawing and Drawing Instruments –, 1 Conventions, 2 Viewing of engineering drawing sheets., 3 Method of Folding of printed Drawing sheet as per BIS SP: 46-2003, II, , Drawing Instrument, , 1, , 1 Drawing board, T-square, Drafter (Drafting M/c), Set squares, Protector, Drawing, Instrument Box (Compass, Dividers, Scale, Diagonal Scales etc.), pencils of, different grades, Drawing pins/ Clips., III, , Free hand drawing of –, , 10, , 1 Lines, polygons, ellipse etc., 2 Geometrical figures and blocks with dimension, 3 Transferring measurement from the given object to the free hand sketches., 4 Solid objects - Cube, Cuboids, Cone, Prism, Pyramid, Frustum of Cone with, dimensions., 5 Free hand drawing of hand tools and measuring tools, simple fasteners (nuts, bolts,, rivets etc.) trade related sketches, IV, , Lines, , 2, , 1 Definition, types and applications in drawing as per BIS: 46-2003, 2 Classification of lines (Hidden, centre, construction, extension, Dimension,, Section), 3 Drawing lines of given length (Straight, curved), 4 Drawing of parallel lines, perpendicular line, 5 Methods of Division of line segment, V, , Drawing of Geometrical figures:, , 8, , Definition, nomenclature and practice of –, 1 Angle: Measurement and its types, method of bisecting., 2 Triangle: different types, 3 Rectangle, Square, Rhombus, Parallelogram., 4 Circle and its elements, 5 Different polygon and their values of included angles. Inscribed and circumscribed, polygons, , (ix), , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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S.no., VI, , Syllabus, , Time in Hrs, , Lettering & Numbering, , 6, , 1 Single Stroke, Double Stroke, Inclined., VII, , Dimensioning and its Practice, , 4, , 1 Definition, types and methods of dimensioning (functional, non-functional, and auxiliary), 2 Position of dimensioning (Unidirectional, Aligned), 3 Types of arrowhead, 4 Leader line with text, 5 Symbols preceding the value of dimension and dimensional tolerance., VIII, , Sizes and layout of drawing sheets, , 2, , 1 Selection of sizes, 2 Title Block, its position and content, 3 Item Reference on Drawing Sheet (Item list), IX, , Method of presentation of Engineering Drawing, , 2, , 1 Pictorial View, 2 Orthographic View, 3 Isometric View, X, , Symbolic representation – different symbols used in the trades, , 6, , 1 Fastener (Rivets, Bolts and Nuts), 2 Bars and profile sections, 3 Weld, Brazed and soldered joints, 4 Electrical and electronics element, 5 Piping joints and fitting, XI, , Projections, , 15, , 1 Concept of axes plane and quadrant, 2 Orthographic projections, 3 Method of first angle and third angle projections (definition and difference), 4 Symbol of 1st angle and 3rd angle projection., XII, , Orthographic projection from isometric projection, , 15, , XIII, , Reading of fabrication drawing, , 8, , Total, , 80, , (x), , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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For Engineering Trades, Engineering Drawing, , Exercise 1.1.01, , Introduction to engineering drawing, Communication, , Limitations of graphical language, , There are many different ways of communicating ideas,, informations, instructions, requests, etc. They can be, transmitted by signs or gestures, by word of mouth, in, writing, or graphically. In an industrial context the graphical, method is commonly used, communication being achieved, by means of engineering drawings., , 1 Information /feelings can be conveyed effectively but, still there are chances for imagination (communication, gap)., , If oral and written communication only were used when, dealing with technical matters, misunderstandings could, arise, particularly in relation to shape and size. The lack, of a universal spoken language makes communication and, understanding even more difficult because of the necessity, to translate both words and meaning from one language, to another., , Limitations of vocal language, , However, the universally accepted methods used in, graphical communication through engineering drawings, eliminate many of these difficulties and make it possible, for drawing prepared by a British designer to be correctly, interpreted or “read” by, for example, his German, French, ot Dutch counterpart., , 2 Viewer may image anything in his mind due to the, absence of written language., 1 Speaker and the listener should be aware of same, language., 2 Still there are chances of misunderstanding due to, communication gap., 3 Some languages (without alphabets) are existing on, tongues only., 4 Written language can also be misunderstood as each, and every word gives more than one meaning., Limitations of computer language, 1 Used only by computer programmers., , Equally important, the components shown on the drawings, could be made by suitably skilled craftsmen of any, nationality provided they can “read” an engineering drawing., , 2 Cannot be used for general communication., , Conventionally prepared engineering drawing provide the, main means of communication between the “ideas” men, (the designers and draughtsman) and the craftsmen, (machinists, fitters, assemblers, etc.). For the, communication to be effective, everyone concerned must, interpret the drawing in the same way. Only then will the, finished product be exactly as the designer envisages it., , Effective communication is possible when graphical, language is supported by written language/vocal language, and vice versa., , To ensure uniformity of interpretation the British Standards, Institution have prepared a booklet entitled BS 308:1972,, Engineering Drawing Practice. Now in three parts, this, publication recommends the methods which should be, adopted for the preparation of drawing used in the, engineering industry., The standards and conventions in most common use and, hence those required for a basic understanding of, Engineering Drawing are illustrated and explained in this, book., , Conclusion, , Engineering drawing is a language which uses both, graphical language and written language for effective, communication, Eg. In FM radios jockeys use vocal language, Eg. News papers use graphical language + Written, language, Eg. In television they use Graphical language (motion/, still pictures) + written language + vocal language, For Effective communication, Engineering drawing is a graphical language, which also uses written language for effective, communication, , Limitations of sign language, , Importance of Engineering Drawing, , 1 Information/feelings cannot be conveyed effectively, , The economical success of any country is mainly, depended on its industrial development. Due to the, globalization any industry of our country expected to be of, global market standard. Due to the above said reason our, Indian product required to be of very high quality with, respect to size of dimension, fit, tolerance and finish etc., , 2 Chances of misunderstanding the information / feelings, 3 Both the communicator and the receiver to be present, at the same place, , 1, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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To produce a best standard product all the technical, personnel (Engineers to Craftsman) in an industry must, have a sound knowledge in engineering drawing because, engineering drawing is the language of engineers., Engineering drawing is a universal language. Different types, of lines are its alphabets. Technical personnel in any, industry including craftsmen are expected to communicate, anything concerning a part or a component by drawings, involving lines, symbols, convention and abbreviations etc., With our spoken languages it is impossible to express, the details of a job or a product. Engineering drawing, knowledge and practice are must for designing or producing, a component or part. Even a small mistake in the drawing, may reflect very badly in the product. Therefore reading, and doing engineering drawing are very much essential for, craftsmen and engineers, A drawing is a graphical representation of an object, or, part of it, and is the result of creative thought by an engineer, or technician. When one person sketches a rough map in, giving direction to another, this is graphic communication., Graphic communication involves using visual materials to, relate ideas. Drawings, photographs, slides,, transparencies, and sketches are all forms of graphic, communication. Any medium that uses a graphic image, to aid in conveying a message, instructions, or an idea is, involved in graphic communication., One of the most widely used forms of graphic, communication is the drawing. Technically, it can be, defined as "a graphic representation of an idea, a, concept or an entity which actually or potentially, exists in life", Drawing is one of the oldest forms of communicating,, dating back even farther than verbal communication. The, drawing itself is a way communicating necessary, information about an abstract, such as an idea or concept, or a graphic representation of some real entity, such as a, machine part, house or tools. There are two basic types, of drawings: Artistic and Technical drawings., , 2, , Technical drawings, Technical drawings allows efficient communication among, engineers and can be kept as a record of the planning, process. Since a picture is worth a thousand words, a, technical drawing is a much more effective tool for, engineers than a written plan., The technical drawing, on the other hand is not subtle, or, abstract. It does not require an understanding of its creator,, only on understanding of technical drawings. A technical, drawing is a means of clearly and concisely communicating, all of the information necessary to transform an idea or a, concept in to reality. Therefore, a technical drawing often, contains more than just a graphic representation of its, subject. It also contains dimensions, notes and, specifications., Fields of use:, Technical drawing is the preferred method of drafting in all, engineering fields, including, but not limited to, civil, engineering, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, and architecture., Purpose of studying engineering drawing:, 1 To develop the ability to produce simple engineering, drawing and sketches based on current practice, 2 To develop the skills to read manufacturing and, construction drawings used in industry., 3 To develop a working knowledge of the layout of plant, and equipment., 4 To develop skills in abstracting information from, calculation sheets and schematic diagrams to produce, working drawings for manufacturers, installers and, fabricators., Main types of Engineering drawing:, Regardless of branch of engineering the engineering drawing, is used. However based on the major engineering, branches, engineering drawing can be classified as follows:, (Fig 1), , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.1.01, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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Mechanical engineering drawings:, Some examples of mechanical engineering drawings are, part and assembly drawings, riveted joints, welded joints,, fabrication drawings, pneumatics and hydraulics drawings,, pipeline diagrams, keys coupling drawings etc. (Fig 2), , Electrical Engineering drawings, Wiring diagrams of home and industries, circuit diagrams,, electrical installation drawings etc., Example, The voltage supply to a filament lamp is 10.8V. The voltage, should be 12V. (Fig 4), , Audio amplifier (Fig 5), , Answer the following questions., 1 Discuss the different types of drawings?, 2 Explain the different applications of technical drawing?, 3 What is graphical communications?, , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.1.01, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License., , 3

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For Engineering Trades, Engineering Drawing, , Exercise 1.1.02, , Conventions, , TYPE, , CONVENTION, , MATERIALS, Steel, Cast Iron, Copper and its Alloys,, Aluminium and its alloy, etc, , Metals, Lead, Zinc Tin White-metal, etc., , Glass, , Glass, , Porcelain, Stoneware, Marble, Slate etc, , Packing and Insulating, materials, , Asbestos, Fibre, Felt, Synthetic resin,, Products, Paper, Cork, Linoleum,, Rubber, Leather, Wax, insulating &, Filling Materials etc, , Liquid, , Water, Oil, Petrol, Kerosene etc, , Wood, , Wood, Plywood etc, , Concrete, , Concrete, , 4, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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For Engineering Trades, Engineering Drawing, , Exercise 1.1.03, , Views of engineering drawing sheets, Drawing paper: These are of two types:, •, , Hand-made paper, , •, , Mill-made paper, , TABLE 1, Designation, , Hand-made papers have rough surfaces, pale in colour and, not used for regular work, but meant for charts., Mill-made papers are most commonly used for regular, work, and are available in different sizes and rolls. They are, specified by their weight in kg per ream or density in grams, per square meter., Size of drawing sheets (in mm): While working or, handling, the papers are liable to tear on the edges. So, slightly large size (untrimmed) sheets are preferred. They, are trimmed afterwards. IS:10811:1983 lays down such as, designation of preferred trimmed and untrimmed sizes., The basic principle involved in arriving at the sizes of the, drawing paper is as under. The area of the biggest size (A0), is 1m2 and its breadth and length are in the ratio 1 : 2 . Let, x and y are the sides of the paper. The surface area of A0, is 1m2, then the sides are x = 0.841 m and y = 1.189 m., (Fig1), , A0, A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, , Trimmed size, , Untrimmed size, , 841 x 1189, 594 x 841, 420 x 594, 297 x 420, 210 x 297, 148 x 210, , 880 x 1230, 625 x 880, 450 x 625, 330 x 450, 240 x 330, 165 x 240, , For drawings which cannot be accommodated in above, sheets, elongated series are used. Elongated series are, designated by symbols A1 x 3; A2 x 4 etc., Special elongated series increasing its widths, double,, treble etc. are designated as follows A3 x 3, A3 x 4, A4 x, 3, A4 x 4, A4 x 5. Please refer Table 2, TABLE 2, Special elongated series, Designation, , Size, , A3 x 3, A3 x 4, , 420 x 891, 420 x 1189, , A4 x 3, A4 x 4, A4 x 5, , 297 x 630, 297 x 841, 297 x 1051, , Exceptional elongated series, Designation, , Two series of successive sizes are obtained by either, halving or doubling along the length. The area of the, successive sizes are in the ratio of 1:2., Designation of sheets: The drawing sheets are designated, by symbols such as A0, A1, A2, A3, A4 and A5. A0 being, the largest. Table 1 below gives the length and breadth of, the above sizes of sheets. (Trimmed and untrimmed), The relationship between two sides is same as that of a, side of a square and its diagonal., , Size, , A0 x 2, A0 x 3, , 1189 x 1682, 1189 x 2523, , A1 x 3, A1 x 4, , 841 x 1783, 841 x 2378, , A2 x 3, A2 x 4, A2 x 5, , 594 x 1261, 594 x 1682, 594 x 2102, , A3 x 5, A3 x 6, A3 x 7, , 420 x 1486, 420 x 1783, 420 x 2080, , A4 x 6, A4 x 7, A4 x 8, A4 x 9, , 297 x 1261, 297 x 1471, 297 x 1682, 297 x 1892, , 5, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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A4 x 3 means the length of A4 size is retained and the other, side is 3 times the width of A4., A4 x 3 = 297 x 630 (210 x 3), Fig 2 & 3 shows how the sheet sizes are formed by halving/, doubling and similarity of format., , Quality drawing paper: The drawing papers should have, sufficient teeth or grain to take the pencil lines and, withstand repeated erasing., White drawing papers which do not become yellow on, exposure to atmosphere are used for finished drawings,, maps, charts and drawings for photographic reproductions., For pencil layouts and working drawings, cream colour, papers are best suited., , 6, , A backing paper is to be placed on the drawing board before, fixing drawing/tracing paper, to get uniform lines. Before, starting the drawing, the layout should be drawn. (Ref:, IS:10711), , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.1.03, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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For Engineering Trades, Engineering Drawing, , Exercise 1.1.04, , Method of folding of printed drawing sheets as per BIS SP: 46-2003, Method of folding of printed drawing sheets as per, BIS SP: 46-2003, , When the drawings are to be released to shop floor for, reference during manufacturing of a component, , When drawings sheets are in more numbers, they have to, be folded and kept in order to save the trace required for, preserving them (Fig 1)., , Applicability, Folding of drawings applies to only the drawings which, are released for shop floor for manufacturing of components, / reference. Original drawings will never be taken out of, drawing office and they should be kept under safe custody., Drawings which are prepared on tracing sheets/, transparencies like cloth, polymer, acrylic polymer, transparencies should never be folded. They should be, kept in polythene folders and kept in filing cabinets., Sometimes the blue prints/photo copies of drawings which, are released to shop floor are also laminated for extending, their life., Requirement, While folding the drawings following care to be taken., It is required to fold the drawings such that, they should, not get defaced damaged., Drawing sheet to be folded such that the title block is, easily visible to retrieve it and keeping it back., , 7, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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The following is the method of folding printed drawing sheets, as recommended by BIS (Fig 2), , 8, , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.1.04, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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For Engineering Trades, Engineering Drawing, , Exercise 1.2.05, , Drawing instruments - Drawing board, T - square, drafter (drafting machine), The following are the commonly used equipment in a, drawing office., Drawing board (Fig 1): Drawing board is one of the main, equipment of Draughtsman. It is used for supporting the, drawing paper/tracing paper for making drawings. It is, made of well seasoned wood strips of about 25 mm thick, or masonite, free from knots and warping. It should be, softer enough to allow insertion and removal of drawing, pins. Two battens are fastened to the board by screws, in, slotted joints. They prevent warping and at the same time, permit expansion and contraction of the strips due to the, change of moisture in the atmosphere., , Sl. No., , Designation, , Blade length, , 1, , T0, , 1500, , 2, , T1, , 1000, , 3, , T2, , 700, , 4, , T3, , 500, , The ‘T’ square is used with its head against the ebony edge, of the drawing board to draw horizontal lines, parallel lines, and to guide/hold the setsquares, stencils etc., Fig 2b shows how the ‘T’ square is used., ‘T’ square should never be used as a hammer or as guide, for trimming papers, , One of the shorter edges of the drawing board, is provided, with an “ebony edge” (hard wood) fitted perfectly straight., Standard drawing boards are designated as follows as per, IS:1444-1989., Sl. No., , Designation, , Size (mm), , 1, , D0, , 1500 x 1000 x 25, , 2, , D1, , 1000 x 700 x 25, , 3, , D2, , 00 x 500 x 15, , 4, , D3, , 500 x 350 x 15, , The working edge (ebony) must be straight., Now-a-days the drawing boards are available with laminated, surfaces. The flatness can be checked by placing a, straight edge on its surface. If no light passes between, them, the surface is perfectly flat., ‘T’ Square: It is of ‘T’ shape, made of well seasoned wood., It has two parts., head and blade. One of the edge of the, blade is the working edge. The blade is screwed to this, head such that the working edge is at right angle to head., (Fig 2a), The standard ‘T’ square are designated as follows with, dimensions shown in mm; as per IS:1360-1989., , Drafting in the machine (Fig 3): It serves the functions of, a Tee square, set square, protractor and scale. They come, in different sizes and a pattern called ‘Pantagraph’ type. It, is fitted on the top left side, edge of the drafting board,, mounted on an adjustable frame or table. It requires large, area of working place. The angle of the drafting board can, be adjusted by pedal operating system. There are two, counter weights to balance the angular position of the, board and the drafting head. It is more suitable for production, drawing office., , 9, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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On the other end, a protractor head H with swivelling and, locking arrangement is fitted with two scales at right, angles., The protractor head has a spring loaded clutch relieving, handle, which rotates and locks at 15 0 intervals, automatically. For setting any angle other than multiples of, 150, the clutch spring is released and by rotating the centre, knob, the zero line is set to the required angle and the, friction clutch knob is tightened. It is capable of rotating, 1800, thereby any angle can be set., The scales are bevelled on both sides, graduates to 1:1 &, 1:2., They can be reversed with the help of dovetail slide, fitting., There is a fine adjusting mechanism on the drafting head, to set the scale parallel to the edge of the board. The scales, also can be adjusted if there is any error in measuring 900, between them., Mini drafter is an important device used for making drawing, quickly& accurately. This instrument has the combination, of T-square, setsquare, protractor and scales, it helps to, draw the drawings at a faster rate. (Fig 4,5 & 6), , 10, , Erasing shield: When, on a drawing, if a part of a line or, some lines among many other lines need to be erased or, modified, in normal way of erasing will damage the other, nearby lines. In such a situation an erasing shield is, effectively useful. It is a thin metallic sheet having small, openings of different sizes and shapes. A suitable opening, is aligned to the line to be erased and the line is removed, by the eraser. (Fig 7), , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.2.05, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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For Engineering Trades, Engineering Drawing, , Exercise 1.2.06, , Drawing instruments - Setsquares, protractor and scale, Set square (IS:1361-1988): Transparent celluloid /Plastic, setsquares are preferred and are commonly used rather, ebonite ones. They are two in number, each having one, corner with 90°. The setsquare with 60°-30° of 250 mm long, and 45° of 200mm long is convenient for use. Setsquares, sometimes loose their accuracy due to internal strains. So, they should be tested periodically. (Fig 1), , The angles can be set or measured from both sides,, aligning the reference line and point ‘0’ with the corner point, of the angle., Figure 3 shows how to read or set the angle. Protractor can, also be used to divide a circle or drawing sectors., , French curves, , Sometimes set squares have french curves. Set squares, are used to draw all straight lines except horizontal lines., It is convenient to draw horizontal lines using Mini drafter., With the help of Mini drafter and manipulating the 45°, 30°60° setsquares, angular lines in the multiples of 15°;, Parallel lines to a given inclined line and perpendicular to, can be drawn., , These are made in many different shapes, normally come, in sets of 6,12,16 etc. French curves are best suited to draw, smooth curves/ arcs (which cannot be drawn by a compass), with ease. To draw a smooth curve using french curve first, set it by trial against a part of the line to be drawn, then shift, it to the next portions., Each new portion should fit atleast three points on the curve, just drawn. It should be seen that the curve (radius) is, increasing or decreasing smoothly and no corner should be, formed on the curve(Fig 4)., , Set squares with graduated, bevel edge and french curve, openings are preferable. They are also used to draw, smooth curves. Setsquare should never be used as guide, for trimming papers., Scales: Scales are used to transfer and or to measure the, dimensions. They are made of wood, steel, ivory, celluloid, or plastic, stainless steel scales are more durable. different, types of scales used are shown in Figs 1,2 & 3. They are, either flat, bevel edged or triangular cross-section. Scales, of 15cm long, 2cm wide or 30cm long 3.5cm wide flat, scales are in general use. Thin section or bevel edged, scales are preferred over thick flat scales. Parallax error will, be nil or least while using thin / tapered edge scales. (Fig2), , Fig 5 show how to use the french curve and draw a smooth, curves. They are made of transparent celluloid (no bevel, edge)., , Protractor: Protractor is an instrument for measuring, angles. It is semi-circular or circular in shapes and is made, of flat celluloid sheet., 11, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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For Engineering Trades, Engineering Drawing, , Exercise 1.2.07, , Drawing Instruments box and pencils, The quality of a good drawing does not only depend on the, talent of the craftsmen but also on the quality of instruments, he uses., Drawing instruments are generally sold in sets in boxes,, but they are also available separately. The main parts of, high grade instruments are generally made of nickel or, brass. They must be rust proof. Tool steel is used for, making the blades of the inking pen, bow instruments and, various screws., An instrument box contains the following: (Fig 1a to h), •, , Large compass (with attachment facility) (a), , •, , large divider (b), , •, , Bow compasses, bow divider (c), , •, , Lengthening bar (d), , •, , Pen point for attachment (e), , •, , Screw driver (f), , •, , Lead case (g), , •, , Liner (h), , Large compass (Fig 2) : It has a knee joint in one leg that, permits the insertion of pen or pencil point or attaching, lengthening bar with pen or pencil point attached to it. It is, used for drawing large circles/arcs also for taking large, measurements. The pin on the other leg can be swivelled, to vertical position when drawing large circles, while, drawing the circles of arcs it should be held in such a way, that the needle point leg and pencil point leg should be bent, so as to make perpendicular to the paper., , As a rule while drawing concentric circles,, small circles should be drawn first before the, centre hole gets worn., Large divider: It is used to transfer dimensions and, dividing lines into a number of equal parts. Divider with, adjustable joints is preferable rather than plain legs. (Fig 3), , 12, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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Bow instruments: Bow pencil and bow pen compass are, used for drawing circles of approximately 25 mm radius., Bow divider is used for marking or dividing smaller spaces., There are two types (i) Integral legs with spring action (4e), (ii) two legs held with a curved spring on top with handle on, it., , Inking pen or liner or ruling pen (Fig 6): It is used to ink, the straight lines drawn with the instruments but never for, free hand lines or lettering., , Bow instruments may have adjusting wheel and nut. To, draw circles, it is better to mark the required distance, separately and set the instruments and check. Then only, the circles or arcs should be drawn on the drawing., Fig 4 shows different types of bow instruments. Adjustment, should be made with the thumb and middle finger. The, instrument is manipulated by twisting the knurled head, between the thumb and finger., , Lengthening bar (Fig 7): To draw larger circles, it is fitted, to the compass. The pencil point or pen point is inserted, to its end., , Replaceable spare pencil, pen and needle points for, compass are available in the instrument box., Screw driver (Fig 8): Used for adjusting the screws of the, instruments., , Lead case (Fig 9): Lead case is the box for holding the, pencil leads., Drop spring bow pencil and pen (Fig 5): Drop spring bow, pencil and pen are designed for drawing multiple identical, small circles. Example: rivet holes, drilled/reamed holes., The central pin is made to move freely up and down through, the tube attached to the pen or pencil unit. It is used by, holding the knurled head of the tube between thumb and, middle finger while the index finger is placed on the top of, the pin. The pin point is placed on the centre point of the, circle to be drawn (Fig 5) and pencil or pen is lowered until, it touches paper. The instrument is turned clockwise and, the circle is drawn., , Pin, Clip, Cello tape: Drawing sheet should be fastened, on to the drawing board firmly on temporary basis so that, it does not shake during preparing drawing. For this, purpose the pins, clips and cello tapes are used (Fig 10), , Pencils, Grade and Selection, Pencils (Fig 11): In drawing office, standard pencils (lead, encased in wood) and semi-automatic pencils are made, use. Pencil leads are made of graphite with kaolin (clay) of, varying proportion to get the desired grades. More the, kaolin higher the hardness., Grades of pencils: Pencils are graded according to the, hardness or softness of the lead., , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.2.07, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License., , 13

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In summer the pencil leads become softer due to rise in, temperature, so slightly harder pencils can be made use of, softer grade pencils are used on smooth surfaces for, lettering and arrow head. During rainy season or when, humidity is more, the drawing paper expands and wrinkles, form, pencil leads become harder. So softer pencils are to, be used. Whatever may be grade of pencil you use, always, prefer quality pencils/leads viz., Venus, Kohinoor, Apsara, etc., For better line work, i.e., dense black lines, prefer paper, which is not having too much teeth (roughness)., Hardest pencil is 9H grade and softest pencil is 7B, grade. Selection of grade of pencils depends on the type, of line work required and paper on which it is used., Softer lead pencils are used to produce thicker and darker, line work, but they wear out quickly. Medium grade of H,, 2H are used for general line work as well as for lettering., Harder grade leads produce lighter and thinner lines. Most, construction line work is done with 4H, 5H and 6H pencil, leads, producing thin but also sufficiently dark by exerting, pressure. Depending upon the individuals touch and the, style of writing, right pencil may be selected., For any drawing on drawing paper or tracing paper, lines, should be black, particularly drawings which are to be, reproduced. For this purpose, the pencil chosen must be, soft enough to produce jet black lines as well hard enough, not to smudge easily. The point should not crumble under, normal working pressure. The pencils should not be hard, and cut grooves on the p0aper while drawing with normal, pressure, Pencils H, 2H or 3H depending upon the paper, (quality) and weather conditions are selected., , 14, , Selection of pencils: Pencil grades vary from one brand, to another brand. Select the grades of the pencil depending, upon the type of line work. For construction lines, you can, choose 2H or 3H, for lettering and object lines grade H, pencils. In general H, HB and 2H are used., H medium hard, HB medium soft, 2H hard, Pencils used for drawing are always hexagonal in cross, sections as they do not roll easily even when they are, placed on slope surfaces. Its cross section helps in, rotating the pencil, while drawing lines, to give uniform line, thickness., Now-a-days automatic (Mechanical) pencils or clutch, pencils are available in different sizes (lead dia 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, or 0.9 mm). They are easy to handle as there is no, reduction of holding length pencil leads can be replaced, as, per required grade of hardness. They produce lines of, uniform width without sharpening. (Fig 11), , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.2.07, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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For Engineering Trades, Engineering Drawing, , Exercise 1.3.08, , Free hand drawing of lines, Sketch by free hand, , 2 To draw vertical lines in thick and thin. (Fig 2), , Follow the procedure and sketch the following practice, No.1 to 17 in A3/A4 sheets., , •, , Sketch two horizontal thin guide lines AB & CD., , •, , Mark points on the horizontal lines AB & CD, 5 mm, intervals., , •, , Sketch the line in free hand between the two points with, thick and thin alternatively., , Practice, 1 To draw horizontal thick and thin lines. (Fig 1), •, , Sketch two vertical thin guide lines AB & CD., , •, , Mark points on the vertical lines AB & CD, 5 mm, intervals approximately., , •, , Draw the lines by free hand between the two points, sketch thick and thin alternatively., , Vertical lines are drawn from top to bottom., (Fig 2B), , Lengthy lines can be drawn with the forearm, motion and short lines are drawn with the wrist, motion., Keep uniform pressure while sketching., Horizontal lines are drawn from left to right., (Fig 1B), While sketching straight lines between two, points keep your eyes on the point to which the, line is to go rather than the point of pencil., Avoid of drawing whole length of line in one, single stroke., Prevent using eraser often., , 3 Sketch the inclined lines as shown in figure with, thick and thin lines. (Fig 3), •, , Sketch two axis AB & CD., , •, , On the horizontal and vertical axis AB and CD, mark, points with 5 mm intervals., , •, , Draw thick and thin lines in the direction as shown in the, figure alternatively., 15, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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Inclined lines running upward are drawn left to, right i.e bottom to top. (Fig 3B), The pencil point need not to be too sharp., Hold the pencil freely and not close to the point., It is better that the pencil can be hold 30 mm, away from the tip of the pencil lead., , 5 Sketch the plane figure as shown. (Fig 5), •, , Sketch a square box of 30 mm side in thin lines., , •, , Mark off the dimensions as shown in figure, approximately., , •, , Thick the required lines., , •, , Erase the unwanted lines and complete the figure., , 6 Sketch the plane figure as given. (Fig 6), •, , Form a square box of 30 mm side in thin lines., , •, , Set of the dimensions and angle as shown in figure., , •, , Draw the lines and remove the unwanted lines., , •, , Complete the figure., , 4 Sketch the given plane figure as shown. (Fig 4), •, , Draw the horizontal straight line in free hand and mark, off 60 mm approximately., , •, , Draw a vertical straight line of 60 mm long from the base., , •, , Draw horizontal & vertical parallel lines and form a, square box of 60 mm sides., , •, , Darken the lines of the surfaces in figure using thick, line., , •, , Erase the unwanted lines and complete the plane, figure., , 7 Sketch a circle of diameter 50 mm. (Fig 7), , Do not place any dimensions in the figure., , •, , Sketch a square box of given diameter, mark the mid, points and join the mid points of horizontal and vertical, sides. (Fig 7A), , •, , Join the corners (diagonals) of the square box and mark, the radius of the given diameter. (Fig 7B), , 16, , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.3.08, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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•, , Join all the 8 points by a smooth curve and complete the, circle. (Fig 7C), , •, , Erase the unwanted lines and darken the curve. (Fig 7D), , •, , Sketch a rectangular box of 85 mm x 60 mm., , •, , Mark of the dimensions as shown in figure., , •, , Follow the method given in Ex.7,8 and sketch the circle., , Side of the square = Diameter of the circle, , •, , Thick the required lines., , Radius of circle = Half of the square side., , •, , Erase the unwanted lines and complete the figure., , 10 Sketch the blank shown in figure. (Fig 10), •, , Sketch a rectangular box of 75 mm x 60 mm as is figure., , •, , Mark the other dimensions as shown in figure., , •, , Thick the required lines of the template., , •, , Erase the unwanted lines and complete the figure., , 8 Sketch the template as shown in figure. (Fig 8), •, , Sketch a square box of 60 mm side., , •, , Sketch the semi-circle on right side of the square as, shown in figure., , •, , Darken the lines as in figure and complete the shape of, the template., , 11 Sketch the curved shape blank plane figure as, given in figure. (Fig 11), •, , Draw a vertical straight line and horizontal straight line, intersecting each other at right angles., , •, , Mark off 20 mm on either side of the vertical line from the, intersecting point of the straight lines., , •, , Sketch semi-circle of R 20 mm top and bottom as in, figure., , •, , Join the two semi-circles with vertical lines., , •, , Sketch the three circles of  10 mm., , •, , Darken the lines and complete the figure., , 9 Sketch the given figure. (Fig 9), , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.3.08, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License., , 17

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12 Sketch the template as shown. (Fig 12), , •, , Darken the squares as per exercise drawing., , •, , Draw a vertical straight line., , •, , •, , Draw two horizontal straight lines intersecting the, vertical line keeping 40 mm away., , Rub off the thin construction lines and complete the, exercise., , •, , Sketch the two curves as in figure and join the curves., , •, , Erase the unwanted lines and complete the figure., , 15 Draw the pattern of sides 70 mm and 35 mm by free, hand proportional to the size. (Fig 15), •, , Draw a rectangle proportionately., , •, , Join the diagonals., , •, , Draw parallel lines to the diagonals approximately at 10, mm distance from each other as shown in the exercise., , 13 To sketch an ellipse of given major and minor, axis. (Fig 13), •, , Draw a horizontal and a vertical line intersecting each, other at right angles., , •, , On the horizontal line mark the half of the major axis on, either side of the centre and similarly half of the minor, axis on the vertical line., , •, , Through these points draw horizontal and vertical parallel, lines and form a rectangular box., , •, , Sketch the small arcs with thin lines., , •, , Join the other portion by smooth curve and complete the, ellipse., , 16 Draw a square ABCD of side 80 mm approximately, by free hand. (Fig 16), •, , Join diagonals (thin line)., , •, , Draw the perpendicular bisectors from two adjacent, sides (free hand)., , •, , On side AB, mark EF = 20 mm., , •, , Join E and F to centre of square., , •, , Draw a line at a distance 10 mm parallel to EF., , •, , The parallel line cuts the inclined lines EO and FO at G, and H., , •, , Join GH, GE and HF., , •, , Follow the procedure and draw trapeziums similar to, EFHG on the remaining three sides., , •, , Join the lines shown in the Fig 16 and rub off the thin line, and finish the drawing., , 14 Draw the pattern of 50 mm side by free hand., (Fig14), •, , Draw a square by free hand., , •, , Divide one horizontal and one vertical side into each ten, equal parts., , •, , Draw a thin horizontal and vertical line through the parts, marked., , 18, , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.3.08, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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17 Sketch the given pattern by free hand. (Fig 17), •, , Mark the mid point of the line AB., , •, , Draw free hand circles of  35 and  50 on the mid point, of the vertical line., , •, , Draw two circles 20 mm using A and B are the centres., , •, , Draw two circles of 10 from points A and B., , •, , Complete the drawing after removing unwanted lines., Plane figures for which the procedure are not, given follow the constructional methods given, in Skill sequences and the Procedures for, plane figures and complete them., , Vertical line (Fig 21a): Lines which are perpendicular to, horizontal lines are called vertical lines. It can be treated as, a line along the plumb line of the plumb bob or parallel to, a plumb line. (Fig 21b), , Inclined line or Oblique line: A straight line which is, neither horizontal nor vertical is called an inclined line., (Fig22), , Types of lines, A point represents a location in space, having no width or, height. It is represented by drawing intersection of lines or, a dot. (Fig 18), , Curved line: It is the path of a point which always change, its direction. Examples of curved lines are shown in (Fig23)., , Line is the path of a point when it moves. It has no thickness, and are of two types:, •, , Straight line, , •, , Curved line, , Parallel lines: They are the lines with same distance, between them. They may be straight lines or curved line, Parallel lines do not meet when extended. (Fig 24), , Straight line: It is the path of a point when it is moving in, a particular direction. It has only length and no width.(Fig19), Also a straight line is the shortest distance between two, points. Straight line, depending on its orientation are, classified as Horizontal, Vertical and Inclined or Oblique, line., Perpendicular lines: When two lines meet at 90°,the, two lines are said to be perpendicular to each other. One, of the lines is called as reference line. (Fig 25), , Horizontal line (Fig 19): Horizontal lines are those which, are parallel to a horizontal plane. Example of horizontal, plane is the surface of a still water. (Fig 20), Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.3.08, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License., , 19

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For Engineering Trades, Engineering Drawing, , Exercise 1.3.09, , Free hand drawing - Polygons and ellipse, Names of polygons: Polygons are named in terms of their, number of sides as given below: (Fig 1), , S.No, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, , •, , Pentagon inscribed polygon. (Fig 2), , •, , Name, , No. of sides, , Pentagon – a, Hexagon – b, Heptagon – c, Octagon – d, Nonagon – e, Decagon – f, Undecagon – g, Duodecagon – h, , Five sides, Six sides, Seven sides, Eight sides, Nine sides, Ten sides, Eleven sides, Twelve sides, , Pentagon circumscribed polygon. (Fig 3), , -, , O as centre and OF as radius describe a circle of dia, 50 mm., , -, , Draw the line DF vertically beyond the top of the, circle., , 20, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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-, , Divide the circle into 10 equal parts. (Twice as many, equal parts as the number of sides), , -, , Points 1,3,5,7 and 9 are the tangent points of the, pentagon., , -, , Join 02, 04, 06, 08, 010 and extend to a convenient, length., , -, , Draw a tangent to the circle through point 1 (F)., , •, , Hexagon regular heptagon (Fig 8), , •, , Semi-circular method heptagon (Fig 9), , •, , Hexagon perpendicular bisector method. (Fig 10), , •, , Special method octagon (Fig 11), , Hexagon, •, , The sum of the interior angle and the corresponding, external angle is 180°. (Fig 4), , •, , Hexagon arc method (Fig 5), , •, , Hexagon arc method (Fig 6), , •, , Hexagon across flats method (Fig 7), , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.3.09, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License., , 21

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Freehand drawing of ellipse, Elements of an ellipse (Fig 1), , •, , String and pins method, , •, , Paper trammel method, , •, , 4 centre method, , •, , Conjugate diameters method, , •, , Eccentricity method, , Practical applications: In general, a circle in a pictorial, drawing is represented by an ellipse. The use of elliptical, shape is rarely used for engineering applications. Ellipse, is dealt extensively in mathematical books. Elliptical, shape is adopted for better aesthetics., Major axis: It is the longest distance which passes, through the centre, at right angle to the fixed lines called the, directrix. AB is the major axis., , 1 Construct an ellipse by concentric circle method., Major axis 80 mm. Minor axis 40 mm. (Fig 2), , Minor axis: It is the maximum distance which bisects the, major axis at right angle. It will be parallel to the directrix., CD is the minor axis., Directrix: It is a straight line perpendicular to the major, axis., Focus: When an arc is drawn with C or D as centre and, radius equal to half the major axis i.e, , , it is cut at two, , points F1 and F2 on the major axis. F1 and F2 are the focal, points of an ellipse F1 or F2 is the focus. The sum of the, distances from F1, F2 to any point on the curve i.e., F1P +, F2P is always constant and equal to the major axis., , •, , Draw the major axis AB (80 mm) and minor axis CD, (40 mm), bisecting at right angle at 0., , •, , Eccentricity: The ratio between the distances from the, vertex to focus and vertex to the directrix is called the, eccentricity and is always less than one., , '0' as centre OA and OC as radius, draw two, concentric circles., , •, , Draw a number of radial lines through '0' (say 12), cutting the two circles., , AF1/A0 is less than one., , •, , Mark the points on the outer circle as a,b,c., , It can also be stated as the ratio of the distance from focus, onto any point on the curve, say P1 and the perpendicular, distance of P1 from the directrix. i.e P1F1/P1M is a, constant., , •, , Similarly mark the corresponding intersecting points, on inner circle as a',b',c'., , •, , From points such as a,b,c... draw lines parallel to, minor axis., , •, , From points such as a', b',c'.... draw lines parallel to, the major axis to intersect with the corresponding, vertical lines at points P1, P2,P3.... etc., , •, , Join all these points with a smooth curve by free, hand or using "french curve" and form the ellipse., , •, , To find the 'Foci' - with half the major axis (a) as, radius and with 'C' on the minor axis as centre, draw, an arc cutting the major axis, at two points, mark, them as F1F2 the focus points of the ellipse., , Focal radii: The distances from point P on the curve to the, focal points F1 and F2 are called focal radii. Sum of the focal, radii is equal to the major axis., , Vertex: The end points of the major axis on the curve are, called vertex. (A, B), Tangent and normal to an ellipse: Normal is the line, bisecting the angle F1PF2 in Fig 1. Tangent in a line at 90°, to the normal and touching the ellipse., Directrix, axis, focus, vertex and tangent are the elements, common to ellipse, parabola and hyperbola., All ellipse can be constructed in different methods:, •, , Rectangle method (oblong), , •, , Concentric circle method, , •, , Arcs method, , 22, , 2 Construct an ellipse by four centre method - Major axis, = 80 mm and Minor axis = 40 mm - Type A. (Fig 3), , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.3.09, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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For Engineering Trades, Engineering Drawing, , Exercise 1.3.10, , Free hand drawing of geometrical figures and block with dimension, Free hand sketching: Apart from making drawing using, instruments, often craftsman will be required to make, drawings by free hand., Free hand sketching is an easiest method to express the, shape of a piece part or a component by an engineer or, craftsman., , Materials for free hand sketching: A4 size sheet, (preferably a pad instead of loose papers) pencils of soft, grade. Example H, HB, and a good quality eraser are the, only materials required. For drawing different darkness,, the pencil points should be sharpened to conical shape., , Here are a few examples of situation wherein free hand, sketches will have to be necessarily made., •, , On the site sketching for production/maintenance., , •, , Recording of initial idea of a design., , •, , For quick exchange of ideas among designer,, draughtsman, technician., , •, , Urgency (free hand sketching takes less time), , To make free hand drawings/sketches, the craftsman has, to acquire new skills and one has to have considerable, practice to be able to make good free hand sketches., Ability to make good free hand sketches is an asset to any, craftsman., Free hand sketches are not usually made to scale., However, they should be as nearly to the proportions as, possible., Cube (Fig 2), , Rectangular block (Fig 4), , Square block (Fig 5), Square block (Fig 3), , Cylinder (Fig 6), , 24, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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For Engineering Trades, Engineering Drawing, , Exercise 1.3.11, , Free hand drawing of transferring measurement from the given object, , 25, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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26, , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.3.11, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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Transfer all the dimensions from the figures 1 to 10 of page nos.25 & 26 to the given objects below, , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.3.11, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License., , 27

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28, , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.3.11, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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For Engineering Trades, Engineering Drawing, , Exercise 1.3.12, , Free hand drawing of solid figures, cubes, cuboids, cone, prism, pyramid,, frustum of cone with dimensions, Cube (Fig 1), , •, , Similarly draw two more lines parallel to AB and AE, mark G interesting point from F and C., , •, , Draw lines parallel to DC and FG Draw lines parallel to, DF and GC., , •, , Join all the points., , Cylinder (Fig 3), , •, , Draw square of a, b, c and d., , •, , Draw 300 lines from point b, c and d for the length of, 25mm., , •, , Mark point g from b, f from c and e from d as shown in, figure., , •, , Joint all points., , Rectangular prism (Fig 4), , Cuboid (Fig 2), , Square Prism (Fig 5), Draw the isometric drawing of a cuboid of base 30 mm x, 40 mm and the height 20 mm. (Fig 2), Drawthe three isometric axes through point ‘A’., •, , Mark AB = 40mm, AE = 30mm and AD= 20mm, representing the three sides of cuboid., , •, , Draw two vertical lines parallel to the line EF and BC, from point E and B respectively., , 29, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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Triangular Prism (Fig 6), , base. All the slant triangular faces join at a common point, called APEX., Similar to prisms, pyramids also are known by the shape, of their base viz triangular, square, rectangular, pentagonal,, hexagonal etc. The imaginary line joining the centre of the, base to the apex is called the AXIS., Fig 10 shows some pyramids and their views., , Pentagonal prism (Fig 7), , Hexagonal prism (Fig 8), , When a semi-circle revolves about its diameter a sphere is, generated. A sphere has no flat surface. (Fig 11D), , Cone: When a right angled triangle revolves about one of, its side forming the right angle, a cone is generated. Cone, forming has a circular face and a slant curved surface., (Fig9), , The term solids of revolution is a mathematical concept and, a physical requirement in geometry., Frustums: Pyramid/cone is cut parallel to the base and the, top portion is removed. The remaining bottom portion is, called frustum of a pyramid/cone., If the cutting plane is at an angle to the axis/base, of the, pyramids or cone they are called "Truncated pyramids or, cones"., Fig 12&13 shows frustums and truncated pyramids., All items we use are solids. Their shapes may confirm to, individual geometrical solids like prisms, cones or other, combination., , Pyramids: Pyramids are polyhedron solids having a base, surface whose shape may be triangular, square or polygon, and as many slant triangular faces as there are sides in the, 30, , Figure 13 shows some items., Draw the isometric view of a cone whose base diameter 40, mm and height 60 mm when its base rest on horizontal, plain surface. (Fig 14), , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.3.12, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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•, , From ‘0’ draw tangents to the isometric circle of the, base and complete the required isometric view of the, cone. (Fig 14c), , Draw the isometric views of a hexagonal pyramid of side, base 30 mm and height 75 mm given its position as under:, , •, , •, , Its base resting on HP and the edge of the base parallel, to VP. (Fig 15), , •, , Draw the top view and front view of the pyramid (true, scale) and enclose the top view in the rectangle PQRS., (Fig 15a), , •, , Draw the parallelogram with two of its adjacent edges, at 300 to the horizontal. (Fig 15b) PQ = Isometric length, of pq and PS = Isometric length of PS., , •, , Draw an isometric hexagon ABCDEF in the, parallelogram PQRS. (Fig 15b), , Draw the front view and top view of the cone in the true, scale as shown in the Fig 14a., , •, , Draw the isometric view of the base circle, (by four, centre method) (Fig 14b), , •, , Mark the centre ‘O’ and draw a vertical line from point, ‘O’ of height to 75 mm in isometric scale., , •, , Mark the centre and draw vertical line 0.01 such that 0.01, equals to 60 mm in isometric scale., , •, , Join ‘O’ with ABCDE&F to complete the required, isometric projection of the hexagonal pyramid. (Fig15c), , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.3.12, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License., , 31

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For Engineering Trades, Engineering Drawing, , Exercise 1.3.13, , Freehand drawing of hand tools and measuring tools used in common trades, Hand Tools, Files (Fig 1), , Hacksaw (Fig 6), , a Curved cut file, , b Rasp cut file, , c Single cut file, , d Double cut file, , Ball pein hammer (Fig 7), , Scriber (Fig 2), Chisel (Fig 8), , Divider (Fig 3), , ‘C’ clamp (Fig 9), , Outside caliper (Fig 4), , Screw driver (Fig 10), , Inside caliper (Fig 5), , 32, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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Bench vice (Fig 11), , Hammers (Fig 16), , Measuring Tools, Steel rule (Fig 17), Centre punch (Fig 12), , Try square (Fig 18), , Cutting plier (Fig 13), , Vernier caliper (Fig 19), , Open end spanner (Fig 14), , Micrometer (Fig 20), , Marking gauge (Fig 15), Vernier height gauge (Fig 21), , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.3.13, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License., , 33

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Feeler gauge (Fig 22), , Combination set (Fig 26), , Bevel protractor (Fig 23), , Vernier depth gauge (Fig 27), , Slip gauge box (Fig 24), , Depth micrometer (Fig 28), , Sine bar with dial gauge (Fig 25), , 34, , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.3.13, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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Freehand drawing of hand tools and measuring tools used in electrician,, electronics mechanic and wireman trades, Screw driver (Fig 1), , Instrument screw driver (Fig 4), , Screw driver interchangeable tips (Fig 5), , Screw driver with cross type tips (Fig 2), , Special type screw driver (two rectangular recesses) (Fig6), Screw tips aided screw heads (Fig 3), , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.3.13, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License., , 35

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Special type screw driver (two round recesses) (Fig 7), , Melted solder blocking flux cores (Fig 10), , Pliers (Fig 8), , Soldering iron (Fig 11), , Ratchet brace (Fig 12), , Analog multimeter (Fig 9), Neon Tester (Fig 13), , 36, , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.3.13, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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Gimlet (Fig 14), , Electric drilling machine (Fig 18), , Bradawl & poker (Fig 15), , Hand drill (Fig 19), , Electrician’s knife (Fig 16), , Mallet (Fig 17), Rawl plug tool (Fig 20), , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.3.13, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License., , 37

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Freehand drawing of hand tools and measuring tools used in mechanic, motor vehicle and mechanic diesel trades, Spanners (Fig 1), , Adjustable spanner (Fig 3), , Socket spanner (Fig 4), , Sliding ‘T’ handle socket spanner (Fig 2), , 38, , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.3.13, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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Pliers (Fig 5), , Socket extension bars (Fig 7), , Round nose plier (Fig 8), , Cutting plier (Fig 6), , Stillson pipe wrench (Fig 9), , Pipe cutter (Fig 10), , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.3.13, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License., , 39

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Puller (Fig 11), , Piston ring expander (Fig 14), , Testing valve spring tension (Fig 15), , Valve spring compressor & valve grinder (Fig 12), , Connecting rod alignment fixture (Fig 16), , Wooden block & ring compressor (Fig 13), , 40, , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.3.13, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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Freehand drawing of hand tools and measuring tools used in plumber, trade, Face wrench (Fig 1), , Mortar pan (Fig 5), , Bricklaying trowel (Fig 6), Hook wrench (Fig 2), , Jointing board (Fig 7), Spade (Fig 3), , Steel square (Fig 8), Pickaxe (Fig 4), , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.3.13, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License., , 41

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Spirit levels (Fig 9), , Chain pipe vice (Fig 14), , Line and pins (Fig 10), Pipe cutter (Fig 15), , Square and bevel (Fig 11), , Multi wheel chain pipe cutter (Fig 16), , Gin wheel (Fig 12), , Accurate tube bender (Fig 17), , Pipe vice (Fig 13), , Pinch-off tool (Fig 18), , 42, , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.3.13, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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Freehand drawing of hand tools and measuring tools used in welder trade, Electrode holder (Fig 1), , A.C welding transformer (Fig 5), , Earth clamp (Fig 2), , Cable attachments (Fig 6), , Work cable attachments (Fig 3), , Cutting torch (Fig 7), , Goggles (Fig 4), , Regulator (Fig 8), , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.3.13, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License., , 43

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Freehand drawing of hand tools and measuring tools used in carpenter trade, Collapsible carpenter rule (Fig 1), , Try square (Fig 5), , Plumb bob (Fig 6), Folding rule (Fig 2), , Crow bar (Fig 7), Tape Measure (Fig 3), , Carpenter’s work bench (Fig 4), Marking knife or striking knife (Fig 8), , 44, , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.3.13, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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Marking knife (Fig 9), , Coping saw (Fig 14), , ‘T’ - Bevels (or) bevel square (Fig 10), , Standard wire gauge (Fig 11), , Fret saw (Fig 15), , Compass saw (Fig 16), , Bow saw (Fig 17), , Panel gauge (Fig 12), , Steel scriber (Fig 18), , Cross cut saw (Fig 13), , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.3.13, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License., , 45

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Butt gauge (Fig 19), , Pairs of pincers (Fig 20), , Marking gauge (Fig 21), , Freehand drawing of hand tools and measuring tools used in foundryman trade, Trowels (Fig 1), , Cleaner or lifter (Fig 2), , Rammers (Fig 3 & 4), , 46, , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.3.13, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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Spirit level (Fig 9), , Vent wire (Fig 5), , Hand bellow (Fig 10), , Draw spike (Fig 6 & 7), , Foundry brush (Fig 11), , Mallets (Fig 12), , Leveler (Fig 8), , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.3.13, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License., , 47

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Swab (Fig 13), , Riddle (Fig 16), , Water sprinkler (Fig 17), Hand shovel (Fig 14), , Runner and riser pins (Fig 15), , Smoothers (Fig 18), , 48, , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.3.13, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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For Engineering Trades, Engineering Drawing, , Exercise 1.3.14, , Freehand drawing of simple fasteners (bolts, nuts and rivets etc.) trade, related sketches, Hexagonal headed bolt (Fig 1), , Square nuts (Fig 5), , Square headed bolt (Fig 2), , Hexagonal nuts (Fig 3 & 4), , Dome nut and cap nut (Fig 6), , Collared nut (Fig 7), , 49, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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Types of rivets (Fig 8), , 50, , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.3.14, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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For Engineering Trades, Engineering Drawing, , Exercise 1.4.15, , Lines - Definition, types and applications in drawing as per BIS: 46-2003 and, classification of lines, Drawings are made up of different types of lines. Just as, language with alphabets and grammar., Lines of different thickness and features are used for, specific use (Fig 1 and 2)., , Technical drawings are drawn with different types of lines., By proper choice and application of lines product features, can be correctly defined in a drawing. Different types of, lines recommended for specific applications are given in, Table 1., , Table 1, Types of lines and their application, Lines, , Description, , General applications, See figure and other relevant figure, , Continuous thick, , A1, A2, , Visible outlines, Visible edges, , Continuous thin, (straight), , B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B7, B8, B9, , Imaginary lines of intersection, Dimension lines, projection lines or extension line, Leader lines, Hatching, Outlines of revolved sections in place, Short centre lines, Thread line, Diagonal line, , Continuous thin, free hand, , C1 Limits of partial or interrupted views &, sections, if the limit is not a chain thin, , Continuous thin, (Straight) with zig-zags, , D1, , Line (See figures), , Dashed thick, , E1, E2, F1, F2, , Hidden outlines, Hidden edges, Hidden outlines, Hidden edges, , Dashed thin, Chain thin, , G1 Centre lines, G2 Lines of symmetry, G3 Trajectories, , Chain thin, thick at ends, & changes of direction, , H1 Cutting planes, , Chain thick, , J1, , Indication of lines or surfaces to, which a special requirement applies, , Chain thin doubledashed, , K1, K2, , Outlines of adjacent parts, Alternative and extreme positions of, movable parts, Centroidal lines, Initial outlines prior to forming, Parts situated in front of the cutting plane, , K3, K4, K5, , 1 This type of line is suited for production of drawings by machines., 2 Although two alternatives are available, it is recommended that on any one drawing, only one type of line be used., Thickness of the line should be chosen according to the, size and type of the drawing from the following range., (IS:10714-1983) 0.18, 0.25, 0.35, 0.5, 0.7, 1, 1.4 & 2 mm., , In the above range, for craftsman 0.5 is preferred. The Table, 2 shows the 0.5 line range and other lines under this range., The numbers in right side of the lines refers the line, thickness in mm., 51, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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– without a dot or arrow head (Fig 5), , Table 2, , Hatching lines (B5): Hatching lines are the lines inclined, parallel lines. The minimum space between these lines, should be more than twice the thickness of the heaviest line, in the drawing. It is recommended that these spacings, should never be less than 0.7 mm. (Fig 4), For showing the limits of partial or interrupted views and, sections continuous thin free hand lines (C1) or continuous, thin straight lines with zig-zag (D1) are used. (Fig 6), All the views of a component drawn to one particular scale, should have the same range of line thickness., Types of lines: Ten types of lines are used in general, engineering drawing as per IS:10714-1983. Out of which, first four types of lines are continues lines of both thick and, thin. (Type A to D), Continuous thick line (A type) is used for drawing visible, outlines (A1) and visible edges (A2). (Fig 3) These lines are, also called as object lines., , Lines of type E to K in Table 1 are of the non-continuous, type. Some of these thin and some are thick. For hidden, lines both thick and thin dashes (E & F type) are available,, it is recommended that on any one drawing, only one type, of (Thick or thin) line be used. (Fig 7), , Continuous thin lines (B type): Continues thin lines are, used for many applications as stated in Table 1. A few, applications of B types of lines are shown in Fig 4., , Chain lines (Thin): Chain lines are used for drawing centre, lines of circles, cylinders etc. Same lines are also used to, show the axis of symmetry in symmetrical objects. To, save time and space a partial of a whole component is, drawn. The line of symmetry is identified at its ends by two, thin short parallel lines drawn at right angle to it. (Fig 8), , A leader line - B4 (Fig 4): A leader line is a line referring, to a feature (dimension, object, outline etc). A leader line, should terminate, – with a dot, – with an arrow head, 52, , Another method of representing symmetrical shape is to, extend the object lines beyond the axis of the symmetry., (Fig 9) In this case the short parallel lines described above, is omitted. The same lines are also used to show the, repetitions of features of a component. (Fig 10), For drawing a sectional view, plane of cutting is to be shown, in other view. Cutting plane (H1) in Table 1 is drawn with, thin chain, thick at ends and also at the places of direction, change. (Figs 11 & 12), , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.4.15, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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If thick chain lines (J1) in table 1 are drawn on a surface, it, indicates some special treatment/application on that, surface. (Fig 13), Chain thin double dashed (K) lines are applied for the, following:, K1, , -, , Outlines of adjacent parts (Fig 13), , K2, , -, , Alternative and extreme positions of moving, parts. (Fig 13), , K3, , -, , Centroidal lines (Fig 14), , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.4.15, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License., , 53

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K4, , -, , Initial outlines prior to forming (Fig 13), , K5, , -, , Parts situated in front of the cutting plane, (Fig14), , 54, , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.4.15, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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For Engineering Trades, Engineering Drawing, , Exercise 1.4.16, , Lines - Drawing lines of given length (straight, curved), drawing of parallel, lines, perpendicular line and methods of division of line segment, There are a lot of ways to define straight and curved lines;, the most elaborate way to define them is the following:, •, , A straight line is a succession of points that are aligned, in the same direction. Or in other words, in order to go, from one point to another, we never change direction., , •, , On the contrary, the points of a curved line do change, direction from one point to the next., Tangent line, , •, , If there aren’t any obstacles, there are plenty of ways to, do this…for example:, , 4 Easy ways to draw curved line, , Drawing curved dashed line, , To join two lines, that are at right angles, with a given, radius, The accompanying figures show four steps for how to draw, a right angled joint., •, , Draw a right angle and arcs that represents the desired, radius. (Fig 11a), , 55, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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•, , Draw tangential lines on these arcs. (Fig 11b), , •, , •, , Join CP with BP and EP with perpendicular lines., (Fig11c), , Place the compass point on CP and draw the radius, which starts at BP and ends at EP. (Fig 11c), , •, , Join the radius with straight lines. (Fig 11d), , The accompanying figures show four steps of how to draw, an acute joint., , •, , Join CP with BP and EP with perpendicular lines., (Fig12c), , •, , Draw an acute angle with arcs that represents the, desired radius. (Fig 12a), , •, , Place the compass point on CP and draw the radius, which starts at BP and ends at EP. (Fig 12c), , •, , Draw tangential lines on these arcs. (Fig 12b), , •, , Join the radius with straight lines. (Fig 12d), , Follow the procedure and draw the exercise in the A3/A4, sheet., , 2 Draw six vertical parallel lines of 50 mm length, with 10 mm intervals (Fig 2)., , Procedure, 1 Draw six horizontal parallel lines of 50 mm long, with 10 mm intervals (Fig 1)., , •, , Draw a vertical line AB 50 mm long, using setsquare on, left side., , •, , Mark points on the vertical line AB with 10 mm intervals., , •, , Butt a setsquare on the line AB., , •, , Using another setsquare, draw parallel lines through, the points marked., , •, , Draw a horizontal line AB 50 mm long., , •, , Mark the points with 10 mm intervals., , •, , Butt a setsquare on the line AB., , •, , Using another setsquare draw vertical parallel lines, from left to right., , Use sharpened conical point pencil., Keep the pencil slightly inclined towards the, direction of the movement., While drawing rotate the pencil to keep the, constant thickness., Maintain uniform pressure on the lead of the, pencil., , 56, , Draw the vertical lines from bottom to top., 3 Draw 45° inclined lines (Fig 3)., •, , Draw a horizontal line AB 60 mm long., , •, , Butt a setsquare on the line AB, draw vertical lines from, the points A and B using another setsquare., , •, , Set off AD and BC equals to 40 mm and complete the, box., , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.4.16, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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•, , On lines AB and DC mark 10 mm points., , •, , Butting the 60° setsquare on the line AB, using 45°, setsquare draw inclined parallel lines through the, marked points., Draw lines from bottom to top., , 2 Draw the following exercises on A4 sheets (Fig 4)., , EDN141624, , 4, , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.4.16, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License., , 57

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Division of a line segment, , •, , Let CB = x, then AC = 2x, , Before knowing about the division of a Line segment, let us, know what a line and line segment means,, , •, , AC + CB = 2x + x = 15, x = 5, , •, , AC = 10 cm and CB = 5 cm., , •, , Mark point C, 10 cm away from A, , Line and line segment, A line is a collection of points along a straight path which, extends to both the directions without endpoints. (Fig 5), , AB is a line which doesn’t have any ending. (Fig 6), , A line segment is a part of a line between two endpoints., PQ is a line segment having P and Q as end points on the, line AB., , Method of division of line segments, , Division of a line segment, A line segment can be divided into ‘n’ equal parts, where ‘n’, is any natural number., For example; a line segment of length 10 cm is divided into, two equal parts by using a ruler as,, •, , Mark a point 5 cm away from one end., , •, , 10 cm is divided into two 5 cm line segments., , Similarly, a line segment of length 15 cm can be divided in, the ratio 2:1 as,, •, , 58, , AB is the line segment of length 15 cm and C divides the, line in the ratio 2:1., , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.4.16, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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For Engineering Trades, Engineering Drawing, , Exercise 1.5.17, , Drawing of geometrical figures - Definition, nomenclature and practice of, angle - Measurement and its types, and types of angle and triangle, Angles: Angle is the inclination between two straight lines, meeting at a point or meet when extended. AB and BC are, two straight lines meeting at B. The inclination between, them is called an angle. The angle is expressed in degrees, or radians., Concept of a degree: When the circumference of a circle, is divided into 360 equal parts and radial lines are drawn, through these points, the inclination between the two, adjacent radial lines is defined as one degree. Thus a circle, is said to contain 360o. (Fig 1), , Reflex angle: It is the angle which is more than 180o., (Fig6), , Adjacent angles: These are the angles lying on either, side of a line. (Fig 7), , Acute angle: If an angle which is less than 90o is called, an acute angle. (Fig 2), , Right angle: Angle between a reference line and a, perpendicular line is called right angle. (Fig 3), , Obtuse angle: This refer to an angle between 90o and, 180o. (Fig 4), , Complementary angles: When the sum of the two, angles is equal to 90o, angle POQ + angle QOR = 90o angle, POQ and angle QOR are complementary angles to each, other. (Fig 8), , Supplementary angle: When the sum of the two adjacent, angles is equal to 180o, example angle SOT + angle TOY, = 180o, angle SOT and angle TOY are supplementary, angles to each other. (Fig 9), , Straight angle: This refers to an angle of 180o. This is also, called as the angle of a straight line. (Fig 5), , 59, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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Triangle - different types, Triangle is a closed plane figure having three sides and, three angles. The sum of the three angles always equals, to 180°., , 4 Right angled triangle is one in which one of the, angles is equal to 90° (Right angle). The side opposite, to right angle is called hypotenuse. (Fig 4), , To define a triangle, we need to have a minimum of three, measurements as follows:, •, , 3 sides or, , •, , 2 sides and one angle or, , •, , 2 angles and one side, , Types of triangles, 1 Equilateral triangle is a triangle having all the three, sides equal. Also all the three angles are equal (60°), (Fig 1), , 2 Isosceles triangle has two of its sides equal. The, angles opposite to the two equal sides are also equal., (Fig 2), , 5 Acute angled triangle is one in which all the three, angles are less than 90°. (Fig 5), , 6 Obtuse angled triangle has one of the angles more, than 90°. (Fig 6), , 3 Scalene triangle has all the three sides unequal in, lengths. All the three angles are also unequal. (Fig 3), The sum of the three angles in any triangle is, equal to 180°., The sum of any two sides is more than the third, side., , 60, , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.5.17, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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For Engineering Trades, Engineering Drawing, , Exercise 1.5.18, , Drawing of geometrical figures - Method of bisecting practice of angles and, triangles, Procedure, , •, , `E' as centre AE as radius draw an arc to cut the, previous arc at `C'., , 1 Bisect a given straight line (Fig 1)., •, , Draw a line AB of 70 mm long., , •, , •, , With A and B as centres, more than half of AB as radius, describe arcs on either side of the line AB., , `C' as centre and with the same radius draw another arc, to cut at `D'., , •, , •, , Let the arcs intersect at C & D., , C and D as centre with the same radius draw arcs on, top side which intersect at ‘O’., , •, , Join CD, bisecting the line AB at 0., , •, , Join OA and AO is perpendicular to the line AB from the, point `A'., , •, , CD is the bisector of the line AB and AO = OB., , 4 Draw a line parallel to a given line at a given, distance (Fig 4)., , 2 Draw a perpendicular to a given straight line, from, a given point in it (Fig 2)., •, , `C' is the point on the line AB., , •, , `C' as centre draw arcs on the line AB at 1 & 2., , •, , 1 and 2 are centres draw arcs. The arcs intersect at D., , •, , Join DC., , •, , CD is the perpendicular line from the point `C'., , 3 Draw a perpendicular to a given straight line, when the point is at the end of the line (Fig 3), •, , Draw a line AB (say 75 mm)., , •, , `A' as centre to a convenient radius draw an arc to meet, AB at E., , •, , Draw a line AB to a convenient length (say 60 mm)., , •, , Draw a line CD (40 mm) is the given distance., , •, , Mark points 1 & 2 near A & B respectively., , •, , With 1 & 2 as centres CD as radius draw arcs., , •, , At 1 & 2 errect perpendiculars by using setsquares,, meeting at E & F respectively., , •, , Join the points E & F., , •, , EF is parallel to AB at the given distance of CD., , 5 Divide a line into any number of equal parts (Fig5)., •, , Draw a line AB to a convenient length (say 65 mm)., , •, , At `A' draw a line AC to a required length, forming an, angle BAC. (Always it is better to form an acute angle), , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License., , 61

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•, , Set off 5 equal arcs on the line AC meeting at 1,2,3,4, & 5. (As many equal parts as required), , •, , D and E as centre with the same radius draw arcs which, intersect at point ‘O’., , •, , Join 5 & B., , •, , Join AO., , •, , From the points 4,3,2 & 1 draw lines parallel to 5-B, meeting the line AB at 4', 3', 2' & 1'., , •, , AO is the bisector of the angle BAC., , •, , Now the line AB is divided into 5 equal parts., , •, , Now OAB  OAC ., , 6 Trisect a given right angle (Fig 6)., •, , Draw a right angle ABC., , •, , With `B' as centre to convenient radius, draw an arc, meeting the line BC and BA at 1 & 2 respectively., , •, , With 1 & 2 as centres, B-1 as radius draw arcs to cut, the previous arc at D & E respectively., , •, , Join BE & BD., , •, , Now, , 8 Construct an angle equal to 75° (Fig 8)., •, , Draw a line BC (60 mm long)., , •, , At `B' erect a perpendicular GB and now GBC is a, right angle., , •, , Trisect the angle FBC at D & E., , •, , Bisect the angle FBD at `A'., , •, , Now angle ABC = 75°., , ., , 9 Construct an angle equal to 22, •, •, , 7 Bisect a given angle (Fig 7)., , •, , Construct an angle BAC (say 30°)., , •, , `A' as centre to a convenient radius draw an arc to cut, line AC at `E' and AB at `D'., , 62, , 1, 2, , (Fig 9)., , •, , Draw a line BC to a convenient length., At `B' erect a perpendicular BD and DBC is right, angle., Bisect the DBC at `E'., , •, , DBE  EBC  45 , Bisect EBC at `A'., , •, , Now ABC = 22, , 1, 2, , ., , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.5.18, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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Triangles, Procedure, 1 Equilateral triangle (Fig 1) AB = BC = CA = 35 mm., , 4 Scalene triangle: AB = 30 mm, AC = 55 mm & BC=, 35 mm., , •, , Draw a line and mark AB 35 mm the side of triangle., , •, , Draw base AB = 30., , •, , With radius AB and center A and B, draw arcs cutting, at C (Fig 1)., , •, , `A' as centre draw an arc of radius 55., , •, , `B' as centre draw an arc of 35 cutting the previous arc, at `C'., , •, , Join CA and CB., , •, , Join CA and CB., , •, , ABC is a required triangle., , AB = 30, BC = 35 and AC = 55, ABC is the required triangle. (Fig 4), , 2 Isosceles triangle : AB = AC = 40 mm & BAC  40  ., •, , Draw the side AB equal to 40 mm. `A' as centre, draw, an arc of radius AB., , •, , Draw a line AC at 40° to AB., , •, , Join BC to form the triangle ABC. (Fig 2), , 5 Scalene triangle: AB = 40 mm, AC = 30 mm &, BCA  30  ., •, , 3 Isosceles triangle (Fig 3): Altitude = 40 mm &, BCA  BAC  65 , , •, , Draw any line X'Y' and erect a perpendicular DB of, height 40 mm at a convenient point `D'., , •, , Draw a parallel line XY to X'Y' through `B'., , •, , Draw A'B at 65° to XY and extend to meet at `A' on the, line X'Y'., , •, , Locate another point C on line X'Y' same way as in the, previous step and complete the triangle ABC., , Draw base AB (40 mm) and a perpendicular from its mid, point., • Set/draw the given angle 30° such that angle BAD = 30°, (Angle C)., • Erect perpendicular to AD at `A'., • Extend both perpendiculars to meet at `O'., • AO as radius and `O' as centre, draw a circle or an arc., • Side AC (30 mm) as radius and `A' as centre, draw an, arc cutting the previous arc at `C'., • Join CA and CB., ABC is the required triangle. (Fig 5), , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.5.18, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License., , 63

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6 Scalene triangle: AB = 70 mm, ABC  40 & BAC  110 , , •, , Draw line AB = 70, , •, , Set 110° at `A' using protractor., , •, , Set angle B = 40° using protractor. Extend the line, meeting at `C'. Join `C' with A and B., , Follow the above said procedure and construct the exercises, from 15 to 19., 15 Draw a triangle when one side and 2 angles being given, (Fig 8)., , ABC is the required triangle. (Fig 6), , 7 Right angled triangle: AB = 60 mm, BC = 45 mm, •, , Draw the horizontal line BC to length 45 mm., , •, , Erect a perpendicular to length 60 mm at `B'., , •, , Join AC., , 16 Draw a right angled triangle when the base and, hypotenuse being given (Fig 9)., , ABC is the required triangle. (Fig 7), , Construct triangles as per the procedure with given, dimensions., 8 Draw an equilateral triangle ABC of sides 35 mm., 9 Draw an isosceles triangle ABC in which sides AB and, AC are equal to 40 mm and BAC is equal to 40°., , 17 Draw a triangle the altitude and two sides being given, (Fig 10)., , 10 Draw an isosceles triangle ABC in which the altitude BD, = 40 mm and BAC and BCA = 65°., 11 Draw a scalene triangle ABC in which the side AB =30, mm; AC = 55 mm and BC = 35 mm., 12 Draw a scalene triangle ABC in which the side AB =40;, AC = 30 and the angle BCA = 30°., 13 Draw a scalene triangle ABC in which the side AB =30, mm; ABC = 40° and BAC = 110°., 14 Draw a right angled triangle ABC in which the sides AB, and BC are 60 and 45 mm respectively., 64, , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.5.18, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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18 Draw a triangle the base, altitude and vertical angle, being given (Fig 11)., , 19 Draw a triangle the base, altitude and one side being, given (Fig 12)., , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.5.18, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License., , 65

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For Engineering Trades, Engineering Drawing, , Exercise 1.5.19, , Geometrical figures - Square, rectangle, rhombus, parallelogram, circle and, its elements, Quadrilateral is a plane figure bounded by four sides and, four angles. Sum of the four angles in a quadrilateral is, (interior angles) equal to 360°. The side joining opposite, corners is called diagonal. To construct a quadrilateral out, of four sides, four angles and two diagonals a minimum of, five dimensions are required of which two must be sides., Quadrilaterals are also referred as Trapezium. (Fig 1), , Angle ABC = Angle ADC and Angle BAD = Angle BCD., Diagonals AC and BD are not equal but bisecting at right, angles., AO = OC and BO = OD., , Types of quadrilaterals (Fig 1), •, , Square, , •, , Rectangle, , •, , Rhombus, , •, , Rhomboid / Parallelogram, , To construct a rhombus we need to know (a) two diagonals, (b) one diagonal and an opposite angle or (c) one side and, its adjacent angle., Rhomboid/Parallelogram (Fig 4): In a parallelogram, opposite sides are equal and parallel. Opposite angles are, also equal. Diagonals are not equal but bisect each other., , Square: In a square all the four sides are equal and its four, angles are at right angles. The two diagonals are equal and, perpendicular to each other., To construct a square we need to know (a) length of the side, or (b) length of the diagonal., Rectangle (Fig 2): In a rectangle, opposite sides are equal, and parallel and all four angles are right angles., Parallelogram is also known as rhomboid. To construct a, parallelogram we need (a) two adjacent sides and an angle, between them or (b) one side, diagonal, and an angle, between them or (c) two adjacent sides and perpendicular, distance between the opposite sides., In the parallelogram ABCD, AB = DC; AD = BC, To construct a rectangle we need to know the length (a) two, adjacent sides or (b) diagonal and one side., Fig 2 shows a rectangle ABCD, Sides AB = DC and BC =, AD. Diagonals AC and BD are equal. Diagonals are not, bisect at right angles., , Angle DAB = angle DCB, angle ABC = angle ADC, Sides AB,CD and AD, BC are parallel., Diagonals AC and BD are not equal but bisect at 0., , Rhombus (Fig 3): In rhombus all the four sides are equal, but only the opposite angles are equal. ABCD is the, rhombus where AB = BC = CD = AD., 66, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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Circles, Tangents, Circle: Circle is a plane figure bounded by a curve, formed, by the locus of a point which moves so that it is always at, a fixed distance from a stationery point the "Centre"., Radius: The distance from the centre to any point on the, circle is called the "Radius"., Diameter: The length of a straight line between two points, on the curve, passing through the centre is called the, "Diameter". (D: Dia or d) It is twice the radius., Circumference: It is the linear length of the entire curve,, equal to D ., Arc: A part of the circle between any two points on the, circumference or periphery is called an 'Arc'., Chord: A straight line joining the ends of an arc is called, the chord. (Longest chord of the circle is the diameter), Segment: A part of the circle or area bound by the arc and, chord is the segment of the circle., Sector: It is the part of a circle bounded by two radii (plural, of radius) meeting at an angle and an arc., Quadrant: Part of a circle with radii making 90o with each, other is a quadrant (one fourth of the circle)., Half of the circle is called as semi-circle., Tangent: Tangent of a circle is a straight line just touching, the circle at a point. It does not cut or pass through the, circle when extended. The point where the tangent, touches the circle is called the "point of tangency". The, angle between the line joining the centre to the point of, tangency and the tangent is always 90o., , Eccentric circles: Circles within a circle but with different, centres are called eccentric circles. (Fig 3), , Fig 1 shows all the above elements., Concentric circles: When two or more circles (drawn), having common centre, they are called concentric, circles. Ball bearing is the best example of concentric, circles. (Fig 2), , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.5.19, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License., , 67

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For Engineering Trades, Engineering Drawing, , Exercise 1.5.20, , Drawing of geometrical figures - Practice of square, rectangle, parallelogram,, rhombus and circle, Follow the procedures and construct quadrilaterals on A3/, A4 sheets., , •, , 'A' as centre and AB as radius, draw an arc. The arc, cuts the circle at D., , Procedure, , •, , Similarly draw an arc with centre D with radius AB and, get point C., , •, , Join AD, DC & CB and complete the square., , Square, 1 1st method (Fig 1): A square of side 50 mm by erecting, perpendicular., •, , Draw a line AB 50 mm long., , •, , 'A' as centre, draw an arc of convenient radius 'r', touching the line AB at 'P' as shown in Fig 1., , •, , 'P' as centre and radius 'r' draw another arc cutting the, earlier drawn arc at `Q'., , •, , 'Q' as centre and radius 'r', draw another arc cutting at, 'R'., , •, , Bisect QR at S and extend., , •, , Mark 50 mm on AS extended line. AD = 50 mm., , •, , From points B and D, draw parallels to AD and AB and, complete the square ABCD., , 3 3rd method (Fig 3): A square of side 60 mm long by, erecting perpendicular and also using 45°, setsquare., •, , Draw line AB equal to 60 mm., , •, , Erect perpendicular from A and B using 60° or 45°, setsquare., , •, , Draw 45° from A and B, cutting perpendicular lines at C, and D., , •, , Join A,D,C and B. ABCD is required square., , 4 Square having diagonal 60 mm (Fig 4), , 2 2nd method (Fig 2): A square of side 60 mm using, 45° setsquare and compass., , •, , Draw a horizontal line AB = 60 mm long., , •, , From points A and B, using 45° setsquare, draw 45°, lines both intersecting at '0'., , •, , Draw horizontal and vertical centre lines intersecting at, '0'., , •, , '0' as centre, draw a circle of radius 30 mm passing, through centre lines at A,B,C and D., , •, , Join points A-B, B-C, C-D and D-A. ABCD is the, required square, whose diagonal is 60 mm., , Draw a circle of radius OA or OB with centre '0'., 68, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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5 Rectangle (Fig 5), , •, , D as centre, draw an arc of radius equal to AB., , Side AB = 75 mm, side AD = 45 mm using setsquare and, compass., , •, , 'B' as centre, draw an arc of radius equal at AD, upwards, such that they meet at a point 'C'., , •, , Draw the side AB equal to 75 mm., , •, , ABCD is the required parallelogram., , •, , Erect perpendiculars at A and B., , •, , Mark off a height 45 from A and B, at D and C., , •, , Join C and D to complete the rectangle., , 8 Parallelogram (Fig 8), Parallelogram - Side AB = 60 mm, Diagonal AC = 90 mm ABC = 120°, 6 Rectangle - Diagonal - 60 mm and one side 20 mm, 1st method (Fig 6a), •, , Draw a line AB 60 mm., , •, , Draw a circle with AB as its diameter., , •, , 'A' as centre, draw an arc of R20, cutting the circle at D., , •, , Join AD and BD., , •, , Draw AC parallel to DB., , •, , Join BC and complete the rectangle., , •, , Draw a line AB = 60 mm., , •, , Draw a line from B at angle of 120° to AB., , •, , 'A' as centre with radius 90 mm, draw an arc cutting, 120° line from B at C., , •, , `C' as centre, radius = AB, draw an arc., , •, , Similarly `A' as centre and BC as radius, draw another, arc, both arcs meet at `D'., , •, , Join AD and DC., , ABCD is the required parallelogram., , 2nd method (Fig 6b), •, , Draw a line AD = 20 mm long., , •, , Draw perpendiculars from A and D upwards., , •, , A and D as centres, draw arcs of 60 mm radius cutting, at B and C., , •, , Join BC., , ADBC is the required rectangle of side 20 mm and diagonal, 60 mm., 9 Parallelogram (Fig 9), , 7 Parallelogram (Fig 7), Sides AB = 55 mm, BC = 40 mm and vertical height = 30, mm., , Sides = 75 mm and 40 mm, Angle between them: 50°, •, , Draw line AB 75 mm long., , •, , Draw line AD equal to 40 mm and 50° angle to AB., , •, , Draw the line AB 55 mm long., , •, , A and B as centres and radius (R) 30 mm, draw arcs, above the line., , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.5.20, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License., , 69

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•, •, , Draw a common tangential line (parallel to base AB) to, the arcs., , Angle CAB =, , A and B as centers, draw an arc of 40 mm radius cutting, the line at D and C., , •, , ABCD is the required parallelogram., 10 Rhombus (Fig 10), Diagonals AB = 80 mm, CD = 50 mm, •, , Draw a line AB equal to 80 mm, , •, , Draw perpendicular bisector of AB, passing through 0., , •, , mark OC = OD = 25 mm., , •, , Join the points AC, CB, BD and DA to complete the, rhombus., , Draw the diagonal AB equal to 80 mm., , • Set an angle of 25° at A and B and draw the lines,, meeting at C., •, , Join AC and BC., , •, , Draw AD parallel to CB., , •, , Draw BD parallel to CA., , ABCD is the required rhombus., Check, Join CD cutting AB at 0 measure, A0 = 0B; C0 = 0D, , Check, , All the four angles at 0 are right angles., , AC = CB = BD = DA i.e. all the 4 sides are equal., , Further practice, , Angle ACB = Angle ADB and, , 1 Construct a square of side 50 mm using compass and, setsquare., , Angle CAD = Angle CBD, , 2 Construct a square whose diagonal is 60 mm using, compass and setsquare., 3 Construct a rectangle given diagonal and side are equal, to 60 mm and 20 mm., 4 Construct a rhombus of side 75 mm and one angle is, 50°., 5 Construct a parallelogram given sides 75 and 40 mm, angle 50°., 6 Construct a parallelogram given side 60 mm, diagonal, 90 mm and angle 120°., Draw the pattern drawings given in the workbook., , 11 Rhombus (Fig 11), , 1, , Diagonal AB = 80 mm, , ACB = 1300, Let the diagonal is equal to 80 mm and the angle is 130°., Since sum of the angles in a triangle is 180°., , Angle ACB + Angle CBA + Angle CAB = 180°, Therefore Angle CAB = Angle CBA =, , 70, , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.5.20, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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2, , 3, , Circles and arcs, Follow the procedures and construct the following in the, work book practice sheets of Ex.No.1 to 12., , Procedure, 1 Draw a tangent to a given circle of  50 mm at any, point `P' on it. (Fig 1), •, , Draw a circle of 50 with `O' as centre., , •, , Mark the given point `P' on the circumference of the, circle., , •, , Join OP., , •, , Draw a line RS perpendicular to PO through `P'., , •, , RS is the tangent at `P'., , 3 Draw an arc of given radius (R 20 mm) to touch the, given lines which make an acute angle between, them (assume 60°). (Fig 3), •, , Draw an acute angle BAC (60°)., , •, , Draw a horizontal parallel line EF at a distance equal to, the given radius (20 mm)., , •, , Draw another angular parallel line GH at a distance of, given radius 20 mm. Both the parallel lines drawn meet, at `O'., , •, , With `O' as centre and `r' as radius (20 mm) draw an arc, touching both lines AB and AC., , 2 Draw an arc of given radius (R 20 mm) to touch to, two straight lines (50 mm each) at right angles., (Fig2), •, , Draw the lines AB and AC (50 mm each) at right angles., , •, , With `A' as centre and given radius (R 20 mm) draw an, arc to cut lines AB and AC at E and F., , •, , With E and F as centres and the radius given (R 20 mm),, draw arcs to intersect each other at `O'., , •, , Use `O' as centre and with same radius (R 20) draw a, curve (arc) which will just touch the given lines AB and, AC., , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.5.20, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License., , 71

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4 Draw a loop of 3 circles pattern. (Fig 4), , •, , Mark centres A,B & C., , •, , Draw any line MN and mark points A,B and C. So that, AB = 20 mm and BC = 25 mm., , •, , Join AB, BC & CA and form triangle ABC., , •, , •, , With 'A' as centre draw concentric circles of dia 15 mm, and dia 20 mm., , Bisect any two angles of the triangle. Bisectors cut the, opposite sides AB and BC at F and G., , With 'B' as centre draw concentric circles of 20 mm, and  25 mm., , •, , 'A' as centre and AF as radius draw a circle., , •, , •, , •, , With 'C' as centre draw concentric circles of 25 mm, and 30 mm., , 'B' as centre and BF or BG as radius draw another, circle., , •, , 'C' as centre and CG as radius draw the third circle., , •, , Erase unwanted part of the circles to form the pattern., , 5 Draw the cam as per dimensions given. (Fig 5), •, , Draw a vertical line and mark the points C1C2 such that, C1C2 = 84 mm., , •, , C1 as centre, draw an arc of radius 56 mm (100-44) and, C2 as centre, draw another arc of radius 78 mm (10022). Both arcs cut at C3., , •, , Similarly obtain a point C4 by drawing two arcs of radii, 84 mm (44 + 40) and 62 mm (22 + 40) from points C1 and, C2., , •, , Draw a circle of radius 44 mm with C1 as centre and draw, a circle or radius 22 mm with C2 as centre., , •, , Produce C1C2 and get points A and B., , •, , C3 as centre and radius BC3 (100 mm) draw an arc., , •, , C4 as centre and radius 40 mm draw an arc., , •, , Draw a circle of R10 with centre C2., , •, , Rub off the unwanted lines and complete the pattern., , 6 Draw three circles tangential to each other if, centres A,B & C are given. (Fig 6), 72, , 7 Draw external tangents to circles of dia 40 and 30, and centre distance 60 mm. (Fig 7), , •, , Draw a line and mark two points C1 and C2 at 60 mm., , •, , Draw two circles of dia 40 and dia 30 with centre marked, as C1 and C2., , •, , On dia 40 circle (D1) draw a concentric circle of dia 10, (D3) (dia 40 - dia 30)., , •, , From centre C2 draw a line 't' touching circle D3 at P., , •, , Join C1 and P (angle P is right angle)., , •, , Extend line C1, P upto the circle D1 meeting at P1., , •, , Draw C2P2 parallel to C1P1., , •, , Join P1 and P2 forming the (common) tangent T1 to circle, D1 and D2., , •, , Similarly draw tangent T2. Tangents T1 and T2 are called, external tangents., , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.5.20, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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For Engineering Trades, Engineering Drawing, , Exercise 1.5.21, , Drawing of geometrical figures - Different polygons and their values of, included angles. Inscribed and circumscribed polygons, Polygon is a plane figure bounded by many (usually five or, more) straight lines. When all the sides and included, angles are equal, it is called as a regular polygon. (Fig 1), , Names of polygons: Polygons are named in terms of their, number of sides as given below: (Fig 2), Name, , No. of sides, , Inscribed polygon, , Pentagon, , Five sides, , Hexagon, , Six sides, , Heptagon, , Seven sides, , An Inscribed polygon might refer to any polygon which is, inscribed in a shape. A cyclic polygon, which is inscribed, in a circle (the circumscribed circle). A midpoint polygon of, another polygon., , Octagon, , Eight sides, , Circumscribed Polygon, , Nonagon, , Nine sides, , Decagon, , Ten sides, , Undecagon, , Eleven sides, , A Circumscribed polygon is a polygon in which each side, is a tangent to a circle. The circle is inscribed in the polygon, and the polygon is circumscribed, about the circle (It is a, circle in a polygon)., , Duodecagon, , Twelve sides, , Circumscribed literally means ‘to draw around’ a, circumscribed circle of a triangle for example is the circle, that passes through all three vertices, usually called the, circumcircle., A Circumferential figure is a shape drawn out side another, shape. For a polygon to be inscribed inside a circle all of, its corner, also known as vertices, must touch the circle., If any vertex fail to touch the circle, then it is not called, inscribed shape., Types of polygon, PROCEDURE, 1 Regular heptagon of side 25 mm., Semi-circular method - Type A (Fig 5), •, , Draw a line AB equal to 25 mm., , Properties of polygon, , •, , Extend BA to a convenient length., , •, , •, , `A' as centre and radius AB describe a semi-circle., , •, , Divide the semi-circle into seven equal parts (number, of sides) using divider., , •, , Number the points as 1,2,3,4,5,6 starting from `P'., , •, , Join A2, , •, , Draw the perpendicular bisectors from 2A and AB, intersecting at 0., , •, , `0' as centre and OA or OB as radius describe a, circle., , All corners of a regular polygon lie on the circle. The, sides of a regular polygon will be tangential to the circle, drawn in side. (Fig 3), , •, , The sum of the interior angles of a polygon is equal to, (2 x n - 2) x rt angle, where n is the number of sides., , •, , The sum of exterior angles of a polygon is equal to 360°., , •, , The sum of the interior angle and the corresponding, external angle is 180°. (Fig 4), , 74, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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•, , Mark the points C,D,E,F and 2 on the circle such, that BC = CD = DE = EF = F2 = AB., , •, , Join the line BC, CD, DE, EF and F2., , •, , ABCDEF2 is required heptagon., , •, , Mark point `5' at the middle of points `4' and `6'., , •, , Set off 6-7 and 7-8 equal to 4-5., , •, , Point `7' as centre and 7-A as radius draw a circle., , •, , On the circumference set off BC, CD, DE, EF, FG, and GA equal to AB., , •, , Join BC, CD, DE, EF, FG and GA and complete the, heptagon., , 2 Semi-circle method - Type B (Fig 6), Follow the procedure upto dividing the semi-circle into, number of equal parts. (Ex.1), , •, , Join A2, , •, , Join A3, A4, A5 and A6 and extend to a convenient, length., , 4 Pentagon inside a circle of diameter 60 mm. (Fig 8), , •, , Draw the line AH equals to 60 mm. (Diameter of, circle), , •, , `O' as centre OA as radius describe a circle., , •, , Divide AH into 5 equal parts (as many equal parts as, the sides)., , •, , A and H as centres, AH as radius describe arcs, , •, , With centre `B' and radius AB draw an arc cutting A6, extended line at `C'., , •, , `C' as centre and same radius, draw an arc cutting, the line A5 at `D'., , •, , Locate the points E & F in the same manner., , •, , Join P2 and extend it to meet the circle at `B'., , •, , Join BC, CD, DE, EF and F2., , •, , Set off BC, CD, DE, EF equals to AB on the circle., , •, , ABCDEF2 is the required heptagon., , •, , Join the points., , •, , ABCDEF is the required pentagon., , 3 Perpendicular bisector method. (Fig 7), •, , Draw a semi-circle on line AB, the side of the, polygon. (In this case it is heptagon), , •, , Draw a perpendicular bisector of AB which cuts the, semi-circle at point `4'., , •, , A and H as centres, AH as radius describe arcs, intersecting at `P'., , 5 Pentagon outside a circle of diameter 50 mm. (Fig 9), •, , O as centre and OF as radius describe a circle of dia, 50 mm., , • Draw the line DF vertically beyond the top of the, Describe an arc with `B' as centre and AB as radius., circle., The arc cuts the perpendicular at `6'., Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.5.21, 75, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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8 Across flats method (Fig 12), •, , Divide the circle into 10 equal parts. (Twice as many, equal parts as the number of sides), , •, , Points 1,3,5,7 and 9 are the tangent points of the, pentagon., , •, , Join 02, 04, 06, 08, 010 and extend to a convenient, length., , •, , Draw a tangent to the circle through point 1 (F)., , •, , The tangent cuts the lines 0-2 and 0-10 lines at A&B., , •, , In same manner draw tangents on points 3,5,7,9 &, locate C,D & E., , •, •, , Hexagon, distance across flat of 45 mm, •, , Draw a circle of  45. (45 mm is the size across flat), , Join BC, CD, DE, EA, , •, , Draw two horizontal tangents BC and FE., , ABCDE is the required pentagon., , •, , With 60° setsquare draw four tangents, touching the, horizontal tangents., , •, , Mark the corners A,B,C,D,E and F., , 6 Arc method, Hexagon of side 32 mm (Fig 10), , ABCDEF is the required hexagon., 8 Octagon special method (Fig 13), , •, , Draw a circle of radius 32 mm., , •, , Mark the diameter AD, , •, , With same radius, A and D as centres. draw two, arcs cutting the circle at points B,F,E & C, respectively., , Octagon of side 36 mm., •, , Draw a horizontal line AB equals to 36 mm., , Join AB, BC, CD, DE, EF and FA., , •, , Set an angle of 1350 (or 450) at A and B., , •, , A and B as centres, with radius AB, draw arcs,, cutting the lines at H and C., , Hexagon inside a circle of diameter 60 mm (inscribing), , •, , Draw vertical lines from H and C upwards., , •, , Draw a line FC equal to 60 mm (Diameter of circle)., , •, , Mark length HG and CD equal to AB., , •, , 'O' as centre describe a circle on the diameter FC., , •, , •, , F as centre FO as radius draw an arc at A., , From point G draw a line GE parallel and equal to, BC., , •, , 'A' as centre, same radius draw an arc at B., , •, , From point D draw a line DE parallel and equal to AH., , •, , In the same manner set the points C,D & E., , •, , Join FE., , •, , Join AB, BC, CD, DE, EF and FA., , •, , All the sides are equal and interior angles are equal., , •, , ABCDE is the required hexagon., 7 Arc method (Fig 11), , ABCDEF is the required hexagon., 76, , ABCDEFGH is octagon required., , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.5.21, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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For Engineering Trades, Engineering Drawing, , Exercise 1.6.22, , Lettering and numbering - Single stroke, double stroke and inclined, Apart from graphical elements (lines, arcs, circles etc), technical drawings will also contain written informations., These written informations are referred as “lettering”., Styles of lettering: Many styles of lettering are in use to, day. However, a few styles which are commonly used are, shown in figure 1., , Lower case letters and numerals, Width, (W), , Letters/Numerals, , Width, , 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10, , i, j,l, f,t,l, c,r, a,b,d,e,g,h,k,n,o,p,q,s,u,v;3;5, a,0 (zero), 2,4,6,7,0,8,9, m, w, , 1d, 3d, 4d, 5d, 6d, 7d, 9d, 10d, , The width of different letters in terms of stroke (line) is as, follows:, Uppercase Lettering BIS SP: 46-2003, , Standard heights/Width: The standard heights, recommended by BIS SP: 46-2003 are in the progressive, ratio of “square root 2”. They are namely 2.5 - 3.5 - 5 - 7 10 - 14 and 20 mm. The height of lower case letter (without, tail or stem) are 2.5, 3.5, 5, 7, 10 and 14 mm., There are two standard ratios for the line thickness “d”., They are A & B. In A = line thickness (d) is h/14 and in, B=line thickness (d) is h/10., Lowercase means small letters, as opposed to capital, letters. The word yes, is for example, is in lowercase,, while the word YES is in upper case. For many, programmes, this distinction is very important. Programmes, that distinguish between uppercase and lowercase is, said to be case sensitive, The width of different letters in terms of “d” is as follows:, Lettering A, , Width (W), , Capital letters, , 1, , I, , 4, , J, , 5, , C,E,F,L, , 6, , B,D,G,H,K,N,O,P,R,S,T,U & Z, , 7, , A,M,Q,V,X,Y, , 9, , W, , Lower case letters and numerals, Width (W), , Letters/Numerals, , 1, , i, , 2, , l, , 3, , j,l, , 4, , c,f,r,t, , 5, , a,b,d,e,g,h,k,n,o,,q,s,u,v,x,y,x, , Width, (W), , Capital letters, , Width, , 1, , I, , 1d, , 5, , J,L, , 5d, , 6, , C,E,F, , 6d, , 7, , B,D,G,H,K,N,O,P,R,S,T,U & Z, , 7d, , 8, , A,Q,V,X,Y, , 8d, , 9, , M, , 9d, , Inclined letters (Fig 2) are drawn at an angle of 15° towards, right side, the proportion being the same as of vertical, lettering., , 12, , W, , 12d, , Fig 2 shows double stroke letters also., , 0,2,3,5 to 9, 0,2,3,5 to 9, 6, , a,4, , Fig 2 & 3 shows the sequence of printing single stroke, lower capitals and capital letters in vertical style., , 77, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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Standard letters to suit the nature of instructions, the sizes, should be selected. All the lettering should be printed, so, that they are read/viewed from the bottom of the drawing., Lettering improves the appearance and legibility of the, drawing. Always maintain uniform lettering (letters and, numerals) which can be reproduced within reasonable time, with ease. In machine drawing ornamental lettering should, never be used., Spacing of letters: Recommended spacing between, character, minimum spacing of base lines and minimum, spacing between words as per BIS SP: 46-2003 is given, below in figure No.4 and Table 1 & 2., TABLE 1, Lettering A (d = h/14), Characteristic, , Values in millimetres, Dimensions, , Ratio, , Lettering height, Height of capitals, , h, , (14/14)h, , 2.5, , 3.5, , 5, , 7, , 10, , 14, , 20, , Height of lowercase letters, (without stem, or tail), , c, , (10/14)h, , -, , 2.5, , 3.5, , 5, , 7, , 10, , 14, , Spacing between, characters, , a, , (2/14)h, , 0.36, , 0.5, , 0.7, , 1, , 1.4, , 2, , 2.8, , Minimum spacing, of base lines, , b, , (20/14)h, , 3.5, , 5, , 7, , 10, , 14, , 20, , 28, , Minimum spacing, between words, , e, , (6/14)h, , 1.06, , 1.5, , 2.1, , 3, , 4.2, , 6, , 8.4, , Thickness of, lines, , d, , (1/14)h, , 0.18, , 0.25, , 0.35, , 0.5, , 0.7, , 1, , 1.4, , Note: The spacing between two characters may be reduced by half if this gives a better visual effect, as, for example LA, TV; it then equals the line thickness d., , 78, , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.6.22, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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TABLE 2, Lettering B (d = h/10), Characteristic, , Values in millimetres, Dimensions, , Ratio, , Lettering height, Height of capitals, , h, , (10/10)h, , 2.5, , 3.5, , 5, , 7, , 10, , 14, , 20, , Height of lowercase letters, (Without stem, or tail), , c, , (7/10)h, , -, , 2.5, , 3.5, , 5, , 7, , 10, , 14, , Spacing between, characters, , a, , (2/10)h, , 0.5, , 0.7, , 1, , 1.4, , 2, , 2.8, , 4, , Minimum spacing, of base lines, , b, , (14/10)h, , 3.5, , 5, , 7, , 10, , 14, , 20, , 28, , Minimum spacing, between words, , e, , (6/10)h, , 1.5, , 2.1, , 3, , 4.2, , 6, , 8.4, , 12, , Thickness of, lines, , d, , (1/10)h, , 0.25, , 0.35, , 0.5, , 0.7, , 1, , 1.4, , 2, , Note: The spacing between two characters may be reduced by half if this gives a better visual effect, as, for example LA, TV: it then equals the line thickness d., , Lettering, Note: Print letters/numerals in workbook (Ex.1, to 6) as instructed below:, , •, , Draw horizontal parallel lines (thin lines) of 10 mm, distance., 10 mm distances denotes the height of the, letter., , Procedure, 1 Print 10 mm single stroke capital letters and numerals, in vertical style using either scale or setsquare and by, free hand., , •, , Mark the width of the letters recommended by BIS, (IS:9609-1983), The width of different letters in terms of `d' is as, follows: `d' indicates stroke thickness i.e d: h/, 10., Width, (W), , Capital letters, , 1, , I, , 4, , J, , 5, , C,E,F,L, , 6, , B,D,G,H,K,N,O,P,R,S,T,U & Z, , 7, , A,M,Q,V,X,Y, , 9, , W, , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.6.22, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License., , 79

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For curved letters use smooth free hand curve., Print straight line letters using either scale or, setsquares., To maintain the uniform thickness of line, use, conical point soft grade pencil and avoid too, much of sharpness., Guidelines of both top and bottom should always be drawn with sharp pencil., , Refer lettering practice theory and complete the printing of, letters and numerals., 5 Print the following statements in 5 mm size., 1 All dimensions are in mm, 2 Ask if in doubt, 3 Six holes diameter 8 mm equally spaced 60 mm, pitch circle diameter., 4 This drawing confirms to IS:9609-1983, 5 Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) is our national, standard., , Numerals 2.1 (Fig 2), , 6 General deviations as per IS:2012 (medium), 7 All thick lines - 0.5 mm, 8 Chamfer to bottom of thread., 9 Rough mill the surface marked `X'., 10 Punch roll number and part number., •, , Follow the same procedure of letters., , •, , Calculate the width of the each letters., , •, , `h' is height of numerals and `d' is the stroke thickness., , •, , Draw the guidelines for the required size., , •, , Width of numerals in terms of `d' is as follows shown in, square grid (Fig 3)., , •, , Mark the width and spacing for each letter., , •, , Draw vertical guidelines., , •, , Print the letter free hand, using HB pencil., , Print letters and numerals (1 to 5) according to the, procedure given in theory book., Practice 1 to 5, 1 Print letters A to Z and numerals 1 to 0 in vertical style., 2 Print 10 mm single stroke capital letters and numerals, in inclined style (Fig 4)., , 10 mm capital letters, 10 mm numerals., 2 Print letters A to Z and numerals 1 to 0 in inclined style., 10 mm capital letters, 10 mm numerals., 3 Print letters and numerals vertical and inclined style., 5 mm capital letters., 4 Print lower case letters 5 mm size in vertical and, inclined style., 5 Print the following statements in 5 mm size letters and, numerals., , •, •, , Follow the same procedure of vertical capital letters and, numerals., Mark inclined lines at an angle of 15° towards right or, 75° from horizontal., , 3 Print letters and numerals, vertical and inclined style., Size 5 mm - Capital letters., 4 Print 5 mm lower case letters and numerals both in, vertical and inclined style., 80, , •, , All dimensions are in mm., , •, , Six holes diameter 8 mm equally spaced 60 mm, pitch circle diameter., , •, , This drawing confirms to BIS SP: 46-2003., , •, , Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) is our national, standard., , •, , All thick lines - 0.5 mm., , •, , Chamfer at bottom of thread., , •, , Rough mill the surface marked `X'., , •, , Punch roll number and part number., , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.6.22, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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Practice the following lettering exercises in A3/A4 paper as per the given ratio, 1 Single stroke inclined letters of ratio 7:6, 7:5, 7:4, 7:3, 7:1 (Fig 1), , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.6.22, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License., , 81

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2 Single stroke vertical letters of ratio 7:6, 7:5, 7.4, 7:3, 7:1 (Fig 2), , 82, , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.6.22, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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3 Double stroke vertical letters of ratio 7:6, 7:5, 7.4, 7:3, 7:1 (Fig 3), , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.6.22, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License., , 83

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4 Double stroke inclined letters of ratio 7:6, 7:5, 7.4, 7:3, 7:1 (Fig 4), , 84, , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.6.22, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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For Engineering Trades, Engineering Drawing, , Exercise 1.7.23, , Dimensioning - Definition, and its types, types of arrow heads and leader line, with text, Importance of dimensioning: Any Component or product, manufactured should be confirm to its specification. In, fact, without specification of product, there cannot be, production. In engineering industry, all manufacturing is, controlled by the technical specification of product or, components., Technical specification provides complete information on, the shape, size, tolerance, finish, material and other, technical aspects such as heat treatment, surface coating, and other relevant information required to manufacture a, component. In most cases technical specifications of, components are given in the form of a technical drawing, while shape is described by various types of views i.e, Orthographic, pictorial and perspective projection and size, is given by dimensions., , Size dimensions: Give the size of a component, part,, hole, slot, depth, width, radius etc., eg: L1, L3, H, h1, S etc. (Fig 2), Location dimension: Give or fixes the relationship of the, features. viz centre of holes, slots and any significant, forms. (Fig 2), eg: L4, L5, L6, , Definitions related to dimensioning, Dimension: It is a numerical value expressed appropriate, unit of measurement and indicated graphically on technical, drawings with lines, symbols and notes., Dimensions are classified according to the following, types:, Functional dimension (F): It is a dimension which is, essential to the function of the component or space. They, are generally shown with limits. (Fig 1), , Feature: It is an individual characteristic such as flat, surface. Cylindrical surface, shoulder, screw thread, a slot,, a curve or profile etc. (Fig 3 & 4), , End product: It is a part ready for direct use or assembly, or it can be a part ready for further process. e.g a casting,, shoulder screw etc. (Fig 4), , Non-functional dimension (NF): It is a dimension which, is not essential for the function of the component or space., Auxiliary or Reference dimension (AUX/REF): It is the, dimension given for information only. It is derived from the, values given on the drawing or related documents and it, does not given in the production or inspection. (Fig 1), , The unit of measurement in general, unless or, otherwise specified is mm (millimetres). On, the dimensions of drawings the abbreviation, mm is omitted and a general note is given in an, appropriate corner as "All dimensions are in, mm"., , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License., , 85

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Elements of dimensioning, •, , Extension line - a, , •, , Dimension line - b, , •, , Leader line - c, , •, , Termination of dimension line - d, , •, , The original (starting point) indication and the dimension, (a)., , Extension line: It is a thin line projecting from the feature, and extending beyond the dimension line. (Fig 5), , It is normally perpendicular to the feature being dimensioned,, but may be drawn obliquely as shown for dimensioning, tapers, parallel to each other. (Fig 6), , When construction line are required to be shown for, practical purposes of the intersecting projection lines, extend beyond their point of intersection. (Fig 7), , Extension lines (Projection lines) should not cross the, dimension lines, but where not possible the lines should, not break. (Fig 8), Dimension line: These are thin continuous lines, terminated, at ends by arrow heads, dots or oblique lines touching the, extension line. (Fig 9), Dimension line may cut or cross another dimension line, where there is no other way., , Leader line: It is a thin continuous line. It connects a note, or dimension with the features to which it applies. (Fig 10), Termination and Origin indication: The size of the, terminations (arrow heads/oblique strokes) shall be, proportional to the size of the drawing. Only one style of, arrow head shall be used on a single drawing. However,, where the space is too small for the arrow heads, it may be, substituted by a dot or by an oblique line. Arrow heads are, drawn as short lines forming barbs at any convenient, included angle between 15° and 90°. They may be open,, closed or closed and filled in. Oblique strokes drawn as, short line inclined at 45°. (Fig 9), Indicating dimensional values on drawings: All, dimensional values shall be shown on drawings in characters, of sufficient size to ensure complete legibility on the, original drawings as well as on reproductions made from, micro-filming., , Dimension to the hidden lines be avoided. (Fig 10), , They shall be placed in such a way that they are not, Arrow heads may be placed outside where space is, crossed or separated by any other line on the drawing., insufficient., Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.7.23, 86, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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For Engineering Trades, Engineering Drawing, , Exercise 1.7.24, , Dimensioning and its practice - Methods of dimensions and position of, dimensioning (aligned, unidirectional), Methods of indicating values: There are two methods, used for indicating the values. Only one method should be, used on any one drawing., , •, , Dimensioning by co-ordinates, , •, , Combined dimensioning., , Method 1, Dimensional values shall be placed parallel to their, dimension lines and preferably near the middle, above and, clear of the dimension line. However, values shall be, indicated so that they can be read from bottom or from the, right-hand side of the drawing. Dimension lines are not, broken. Dimensioning of angles also given in the same, way. (Fig 1 & 2) This method is known as aligned system, of dimensioning., , Chain dimensioning: It is used where the possible, accumulation of tolerances does not infringe (effect) on the, functional requirement of the component. (Fig 5), , Method 2 Unidirectional system, Dimensional values shall be indicated so that they can be, read from the bottom of the drawing sheet. Non-horizontal, dimension lines are interrupted, preferably near the middle, so that the value can be inserted. (Fig 3&4). This method, is termed as unidirectional system of dimensioning., Arrangement and indication of dimensions, The arrangement of dimensioning on a drawing shall, indicate clearly the design purpose., The arrangements of dimensioning are:, •, , Chain dimensioning, , •, , Dimensioning from a common feature, , Dimensioning from a common feature is used where a, number of dimensions of the same direction relate to a, common origin., Dimensioning from a common feature may be executed as, parallel dimensioning or as superimposed running, dimensioning., Parallel dimensioning: Dimensions of features are taken, from one datum/common origin and are shown parallel to, other and placed, so that the dimensional values can easily, be added in Fig 6., 87, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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Methods of dimensioning common features, Superimposed running dimensioning (Progressive, dimensioning): It is a simplified dimensioning also, Cumulative error is controlled. It starts from one origin with, arrow heads in one direction only. This may be used where, there are space limitations and where no legibility problems, would occur., , Dimensioning Tapered parts: When dimensioning, tapered part, extension lines be at an angle and parallel to, each other. Dimension line be drawn parallel to the feature, to be dimensioned. (Figs 10 & 11) They may sometimes, be shown with large dia and or MT number., , The origin indication is placed appropriately and the opposite, ends of each dimension line shall be terminated only with, an arrow head. It may be advantageous to use superimposed, running dimensions in two directions. (Fig7), , Dimensioning by co-ordinates: This system is much, used for components, produced on jig boring machine., Two edges are taken as datum. (references), Instead of dimensioning in superimposed way, same may, be tabulated and given. (Fig 8), , Dimensioning smaller width: Arrow heads are replaced, by oblique lines. (Fig 12), , This method is useful in indicating places/positions in, country, city and site plans., , To avoid placing dimensions too far away from feature,, dimension lines are drawn closer and not fully. (Fig 13), , Combined dimensioning: Dimensions are given in chain, dimensioning and parallel dimensioning. Common feature, is combined. (Fig 9), , Dimensioning cylindrical and spherical features:, Cylindrical features have diameter and length whereas, sphere has a diameter only., , 88, , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.7.24, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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Dimensioning equidistant features: Where equidistant, features or uniformly arranged elements are parts of the, drawing, specification of the dimensioning may be simplified., Linear spacings may be dimensioned as in Fig17a&b., Diameter may be indicated by any one of the abbreviation, D, Dia, d, dia or  and radius may be indicated by R, r, Rad, or rad by square. Any one abbreviation or symbol on a, drawing may be indicated by SQ or ., The length if any required to give along with dia, if it is shown, as ...x... long. (Fig 14), , R, ,  SR S -, , Diameter, Radius, Square, Spherical radius, Spherical diameter, , Dimensioning angles and Angular spacings, Equal angles eg. 4 x 10° = 40°, Equal centre distances eg. 4 x 10 = 40. (Fig 18), , Dimensioning a chord: For dimensioning of chord, refer, Fig 15. It is shown as linear size., , Dimensioning an arc/radius: A small arc is shown over, the dimension value, while dimensioning an arc. (Fig 16), , When the drawing is clear, symbols or abbreviation viz. dia,, Pcd and angle can be omitted. (Fig 19), , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.7.24, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License., , 89

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Dimensioning periphery: The features on the periphery, can be shown as given in the figure, indicating width, depth, and number of slots. (Fig 20), , Dimensioning repeated features: When elements of, same size occur, but not of same pitch be shown as in, Fig21., , Countersinks and counterbore (IS:10968-1984): For, simplification, the holes are indicated by centre lines and, marked by different letters to different type/size of hole., The holes maybe plain, through blind, tapped, countersink, of counterbore. (Fig 22), Dimensioning chamfers and undercuts: Chamfer of 45°, may be shown by leader line indicating chamfer width and, angle or by dimension line with chamfer width and angle., (Figs 23 & 24), Dimensioning undercut: Dimensioning undercuts are, dimensioned either by normal dimensioning the width i.e u/, c 4 x 2 or by leader terminating horizontally u/c 4 x 2., (Fig23), 90, , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.7.24, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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Other indications: In order to avoid repeating the same, dimensional values or to avoid long leader lines, reference, letters/numbers may be used in connection with an, explanatory table or note. In such cases leader lines may, be omitted. (Fig 25), , In partially drawn views and partial sections of symmetrical, parts the dimension lines that need not cross the axis of the, symmetry are shown extended slightly beyond the axis of, symmetry. The second termination is then omitted. (Fig26), , Where several parts are drawn and dimensioned in an, assembly, the groups of dimensioned in an assembly, the, groups of dimensions related to each parts should be kept, as separate as possible. (Fig 27), , Dimensioning arcs by radius: Only one arrow head, termination, with its point on the arc end of the dimension, line shall be used where a radius is dimensioned. The, arrow head may be either inside or outside of the feature, outline. (Fig 28), Values for dimensions out of scale: After finalising sizes, may require modification. Instead of re-drawing the entire, component, the dimension which is changed is marked, and a thick line drawn below such size indicating this, (feature) size is not to scale (NTS). (Fig 29), , Principles and application of dimensioning: Before, proceeding to give dimensions, consider the following, steps:, •, , Mentally visualize the object and divide it into geometrical, shapes such as prisms, cones, cylinders, pyramids, etc., , •, , Place the size dimension on each form., , •, , Consider the relationship of mating parts and the, process of production, then select the locating (reference, or datum) centre lines and surfaces., , •, , ensure that each geometrical form is located from a, centre line and/or a finished surface., , •, , Place the overall dimensions., , •, , Add the necessary notes like surface finish, specific, operations, material, fit, type of thread etc. (Fig 30), , •, , All dimensional information necessary to define a part, or component clearly and completely shall be shown, directly on a drawing unless this information is specified, in relevant documents., , •, , Each feature shall be dimensioned once only on a, drawing., , •, , Dimension shall be placed on the view or section that, most clearly shows the features., , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.7.24, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License., , 91

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The non-functional dimensions should be placed in a way, which is most convenient for production and inspection., Projection lines should be drawn perpendicular to the, feature being dimensioned. Where necessary, however,, they may be drawn obliquely, but parallel to each other., (Fig 33), Each drawing shall use the same unit (for example,, millimetres) for all dimensions but without showing the unit, symbol. In order to avoid misinterpretation, the pre-dominant, unit symbol on a drawing may be specified in a note., Where other units have to be shown as part of the drawing, specification ( for example, N, m for torque or kPa for, pressure), the appropriate unit symbol shall be shown with, the value., No more dimensions than are necessary to define a part or, an end product shall be shown on a drawing. No feature of, a part or an end product shall be defined by more than one, dimension in any one direction. Exception may, however, be made, •, , where it is necessary to give additional dimensions at, intermediate stages of production (for example, the, size of a feature prior to carburizing and finishing)., , •, , where the addition of an auxiliary dimension would be, advantageous., , Dimension line shall be shown unbroken where feature to, which it refers is shown broken, except in Method 2, (Unidirectional). (Fig 34), , Production processes or inspection methods should not, be specified unless they are essential to ensure satisfactory, functioning or interchangeability., , Avoid intersection of projection lines and dimension lines,, where unavoidable neither line shall be shown with a break., (Fig 35), , Functional dimensions should be shown directly on the, drawing wherever possible. (Fig 31), , A centre line or the outline of a part shall not be used as a, dimension line but may be used in place of a projection line., , Occasionally indirect functional dimensioning is justified or, necessary. In such cases, care shall be exercised so that, the effect of directly shown functional dimensioning is, maintained. (Fig 32) shows the effect of acceptable, indirect functional dimensioning that maintains the, dimensional requirements established by (Fig 31) ., , Any one style of arrow head termination shall be used on, a single drawing. However, where space is too small for, arrow head, oblique stroke or dot may be substituted., (Fig36), , 92, , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.7.24, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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Values for dimensions out of scale, except where break, lines are used shall be underlined with a straight thick line., Use chain dimensioning where the possible accumulation, of tolerances does not infringe effect on the functional, requirements of the part., Single dimension, chain dimensioning and dimension line, from a common feature may be combined on a drawing if, necessary., Where the size of the radius can be derived from other, dimensions, it shall be indicated with a radius arrow and the, symbol `R' without an indication of the value. (Fig 39), , Arrow head terminations shall be shown within the limits of, the dimension line where space is available. Where space, is limited, the arrow head termination may be shown, outside the intended limits of the dimension line that is, extended for that purpose. (Fig 37), , It may be advantageous to use superimposed running, dimensioning in two directions. In such a case, the origins, may be as shown in Fig 40., , Only one arrow head termination, with its point on the arc, end of the dimension line, shall be used where a radius is, dimensioned. The arrow head termination may be either on, the inside or on the outside of the feature outline for its, projection line depending upon the size of the feature., (Fig38), If it is possible to define a quantity of elements of the same, size so as to avoid repeating the same dimensional value,, they may be given as shown in Figs 41 & 42., , Dimensional value should be legible., Dimension of spherical features should be preceded by S, or SR., , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.7.24, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License., , 93

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Where necessary, in order to avoid repeating the same, dimensional value or to avoid long leader lines, reference, letters may be used in connection with an explanatory, table or note. Leader lines may be omitted. (Fig 43), , If the special requirement is applied to an element or, revolution, the indication shall be shown on one side only., (Fig 45), , Where the location and extent of the special requirement, requires identification, the appropriate dimensioning is, necessary. However, where the drawing clearly shows the, extent of the indication, dimensioning is not necessary., (Fig 46), In partially drawn views and partial sections of symmetrical, parts, the dimension lines that need to cross the axis of, symmetry are shown extended slightly beyond the axis of, symmetry. The second termination is then omitted. (Fig44), , Practice of dimensioning, 1 Draw the two sheet metal templates to full scale with, appropriate lines use 0.5 range line thickness. (Fig 1), , •, , Draw a rectangular block of length 80 mm and width, 50 mm in thin lines., , •, , Incorporate the features of the template as per the, given dimension., , •, , Draw by thick lines all visible out lines., , •, , Give dimensions and maintain the line thickness as, per the line range (0.5)., , •, , Complete the figure and remove the unwanted lines., , 2 Draw the figures given. Maintain the types of lines as per, the B.I.S and choose correct line thickness. (Fig2), • According to the given dimensions, draw the figures, given in Fig 2., • Select the appropriate lines and maintain uniformity., • Remove (erase) unwanted lines, arcs and complete, the drawing., 94, , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.7.24, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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4 To the given drawing of the profiled sheet metal as, shown in Fig 4a, give the dimensions in the unidirectional, system., •, , Place the horizontal dimensions above and middle, of the dimension line without break., , •, , Break the dimension in the middle of all nonhorizontal dimension lines. (Fig 4b), , 3 To the given drawing of the profile sheet metal as shown, in Fig 3, place the dimensions in the aligned system., (Fig3a), •, •, •, , Draw the drawing of the sheet metal to 1:1 scale., Draw the extension lines in continuation of outlines., Draw the dimension lines. (Fig 3b), , 5 Motor cycle engine gasket is shown in figure 5. There, are some mistakes in dimensioning. Reproduce the, same in A3/A4 sheet provided and correct the mistakes, according to the aligned system of dimensioning. (Fig5), 6 Draw the given cover plate and give the dimensions in, the aligned system. (Fig 6), , 7 Draw the cover plate given in figure and place the, dimensions in the unidirectional system. (Fig 7), , •, , Place the dimension value near the middle and, above the dimension line to be read from "bottom, and right hand side" of the drawing., , Note: Draw the dimension line terminations as, per IS:11669-1986., •, , Draw the arrow heads with short lines forming borbs, at any convenient angle between 15° to 90°., , 8 Draw the profiled plate given in figure having angular, edge and give dimensions in aligned system. The left, and bottom edge represent the dimension reference, line. (Fig 8), , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.7.24, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License., , 95

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9 Draw the profiled plate sheet metal with angular edges, and dimension in unidirectional system (Fig 9)., , 10 Draw the given distance plate and dimension in aligned, system. The basic dimension of the plate is 60 mm x, 80 mm (Fig 10)., 11 Draw the board of 3-phase motor given and dimension, in aligned system (Fig 11)., 12 Draw the special cam shown in figure and dimension, according to aligned system (Fig 12)., 96, , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.7.24, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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For Engineering Trades, Engineering Drawing, , Exercise 1.7.25, , Symbols preceding the value of dimension and dimensional tolerance, Combination of hole and shaft for a particular fit, Introduction, The limit system may be, according to the ‘Basic hole’ or, ‘Basic shaft’ system. All the internal features are to be, referred to as hole and the external features as shaft., Basic hole system (Fig 1), The basic hole system is the one in which the different, clearances or interferences are obtained in association, with various shafts with a single hole, whose lower deviation, is zero i.e. the basic size of the hole is taken as standard, and the diameter of the shaft is varied to get the desired fit., , Example (Fig 3): In the basic shaft system all the holes are, within the tolerance zone H7. The shafts receive the, tolerance necessary for achieving the desired fit on the, diameter to fix couplings, bearings, worm-gear etc., , Basic shaft system (Fig 2), The basic shaft system is one in which the different, clearances and interferences are obtained in association of, various holes with a single shaft whose upper deviation is, zero i.e. the basic size of the shaft is the maximum size of, the shaft. In the basic shaft system, the shaft is taken as, standard and the diameter of the hole is varied to get the, desired fit., Fit, , Shaft, , Hole, , Clearance, , h, , A up to H, , Transition, , h, , J up to N, , Interference, , h, , P up to Zc, , Basic hole or basic shaft systems : Both the systems are, equally valid. In general, most of the manufacturers of, machine tools prefer the basic hole system because it is, more economical. The reason is that holes are usually, produced in batches in mass production by fixed diameter, tools like twist drill, reamers, taps, broaches etc. Due to, this, the machines need not be set up to obtain the proper, size of the hole; setting up operations of jobs with respect, to cutting tool consequently can be made quicker and, cheaper., , There are many cases in which the basic shaft system is, more advantageous. This can be efficiently applied for long, shafts machined to the same size over their full length., (Smooth drawn shaft, shafts ground in centreless grinding, machines etc.) If the shaft is to mate with atleast two parts, having holes that require different types of fit, the basic, shaft system is preferred., , 97, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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Example (Fig 4): A finished shaft with h6 tolerance is used, and the holes of crank, bearing, gear, coupling are so, tolerance that the desired fit is achieved., , Guide lines for the selection of fits are given in table - 1, TABLE 1, Number of combinations for different fits, , In the BASIC HOLE system, the basic part is, the hole, while the shaft is the mating part., , Holes, Fits, , In the BASIC SHAFT system, the basic part is, the shaft, while the hole is the mating part., , Shaft, , Classification, H6, , H7, , H8, , c, d, e, f, , e7, f6, , d8, e8, f7, , c9, d8/d10, e8/e9, f8, , g, h, , g5, h5, , g6, h6, , h7/h8, , Transition, , j, k, m, n, , j5, k5, m5, -, , j6, k6, m6, n6, , j7, k7, -, , Push., Easy keying., Tight keying., Light drive., , Interference, , p, r, s, t, u, , -, , p6, r6, s6, -, , t7, u7, , Light press., Medium press., Heavy drive., Free fit., Heavy press fit, or shrink., , Clearance, , Slack running fit., Loose running fit., Easy running fit., Running (normal), fit., Close running fit., Slide, , Table II to provides tolerance for various fits, TABLE II, Suggested combinations of tolerance for application of various fits, Suggested, Hole, , Combination, Shaft, , Slack running fits where ease of assembly is important., , H8, , c9, , Loose running fits e.g. plummer block bearings and loose pulleys., , H8, , d8, , General loose clearance fits (high speed) e.g. heavily loaded bearings and, large electric motor bearings., , H8, , e8, , Normal running fit e.g. gear box shaft bearings and the bearings of small, electric motors., , H7, , f7, , Precision sliding fit (not running with) e.g. piston and slide valves location fits., , H7, , g6, , Closest clearance fit for spigots, and links, pins in mechanisms etc., , H7, , h6, , Transition fit coupling spigots and gear rings clamped to steel hubs., , H8, , g7, , Slight interference fit e.g. gudgeon pin in piston., , H7, , k6, , Tight transition fit for accurate location., , H7, , m6, , Interference fit - commutator on shaft., , H7, , p6, , Medium driving fit - bushes etc, , H7, , r6, , Heavy driving fit e.g. permanent assemblies., , H7, , s6, , Force fit for permanent assemblies, coupling on shaft., , H7, , t6, , Shrink fits - e.g. loco wheels on axle., , H7, , u6, , 98, , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.7.25, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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Copyright Free. Under CC BY License., , Nominal size range, , 24, 30, , 30, 40, , 40, 50, , 50, 65, , 65, 80, , 80, 100, , 100, 120, , 120, 140, , 140, 160, , 160, 180, , 180, 200, , 200, 225, , 225, 250, , 250, 280, , 280, 315, , 315, 355, , 355, 400, , 400, 450, , Over, up to, , Over, up to, , Over, up to, , Over, up to, , Over, up to, , Over, up to, , Over, up to, , Over, up to, , Over, up to, , Over, up to, , Over, up to, , Over, up to, , Over, up to, , Over, up to, , Over, up to, , Over, up to, , Over, up to, , Over, up to, , Over, up to, , 450, 500, , 18, 24, , 10, 14, , Over, up to, , Over, up to, , 6, 10, , Over, up to, , 14, 18, , 3, 6, , Over, up to, , Over, up to, , 1, 3, , From, up to, , 99, , s6, , +292, +252, , +272, +232, , +244, +208, , +226, +190, , +202, +170, , +190, +158, , +169, +140, , +159, +130, , +151, +122, , +133, +108, , +125, +100, , +117, +92, , +101, +79, , +93, +71, , +78, +59, , +72, +53, , +43, , +59, , +35, , +48, , +28, , +39, , +32, +23, , +27, +19, , +20, +14, , r6, , +172, +132, , +166, +126, , +150, +114, , +144, +108, , +130, +98, , +126, +94, , +113, +84, , +109, +80, , +106, +77, , +93, +68, , +90, +65, , +88, +63, , +76, +54, , +73, +51, , +62, +43, , +60, +41, , +34, , +50, , +28, , +41, , +23, , +34, , +28, +19, , +23, +15, , +16, +10, , p6, , +68, , +108, , +62, , +98, , +56, , +88, , +79, +50, , +68, +43, , +37, , +59, , +32, , +51, , +26, , +42, , +22, , +35, , +18, , +29, , +24, +15, , +20, +12, , +12, +6, , n6, , +40, , +80, , +37, , +73, , +34, , +66, , +60, +31, , +52, +27, , +23, , +45, , +20, , +39, , +17, , +33, , +15, , +28, , +12, , +23, , +19, +10, , +16, +8, , +10, +4, , +5, , +45, , +4, , +40, , +4, , +36, , +33, +4, , +28, +3, , +3, , +25, , +2, , +21, , +2, , +18, , +2, , +15, , +1, , +12, , +10, +1, , +9, +1, , +6, 0, , k6, , -22, , 0, , -19, , 0, , -16, , 0, , -13, , 0, , -11, , 0, , 0, -9, , 0, -8, , 0, -6, , h6, , -20, , +20, , -18, , +18, , -16, , +16, , -40, , 0, , -36, , 0, , -32, , 0, , +14.5 0, -14.5 -29, , +12.5 0, -12.5 -25, , -11, , +11, , -9.5, , +9.5, , -8, , +8, , -6.5, , +6.5, , -5.5, , +5.5, , +4.5, -4.5, , +4, -4, , +3, -3, , js6, , -63, , 0, , -57, , 0, , -52, , 0, , 0, -46, , 0, -40, , -35, , 0, , -30, , 0, , -25, , 0, , -21, , 0, , -18, , 0, , 0, -15, , 0, -12, , 0, -10, , h7, , -155, , 0, , -140, , 0, , -130, , 0, , 0, -115, , 0, -100, , -87, , 0, , -74, , 0, , -62, , 0, , -52, , 0, , -43, , 0, , 0, -36, , 0, -30, , 0, -25, , h9, , -400, , 0, , -360, , 0, , -320, , 0, , 0, -290, , 0, -250, , -220, , 0, , -190, , 0, , -160, , 0, , -130, , 0, , -110, , 0, , 0, -90, , 0, -75, , 0, -60, , h11, , -60, , -20, , -54, , -18, , -49, , -17, , -15, -44, , -14, -39, , -34, , -12, , -29, , -10, , -25, , -9, , -20, , -7, , -17, , -6, , -5, -14, , -4, -12, , -2, -8, , g6, , -131, , -68, , -119, , -62, , -108, , -56, , -50, -96, , -43, -83, , -71, , -36, , -60, , -30, , -50, , -25, , -41, , -20, , -34, , -16, , -13, -28, , -10, -22, , -6, -16, , f7, , -232, , -135, , -214, , -125, , -191, , -110, , -100, -172, , -85, -148, , -126, , -72, , -106, , -60, , -89, , -50, , -73, , -40, , -59, , -32, , -25, -47, , -20, -28, , -14, -28, , e8, , -385, , -230, , -350, , -210, , -320, , -190, , -170, -285, , -145, -245, , -207, , -120, , -174, , -100, , -142, , -80, , -117, , -65, , -93, , -50, , -40, -76, , -30, -60, , -20, -45, , d9, , -480, -880, , -440, -840, , -400, -760, , -360, -720, , -330, -650, , -300, -620, , -280, -570, , -260, -550, , -240, -530, , -230, -480, , -210, -460, , -200, -450, , -180, -400, , -170, -390, , -150, -340, , -140, -330, , -130, -290, , -120, -280, , -240, , -110, , -205, , -95, , -80, -170, , -70, -145, , - 60, -120, , c11, , -105, -151, , -93, -133, , -85, -125, , -77, -117, , -66, -101, , -58, -93, , -48, -78, , -42, -72, , -59, , -34, , -48, , -27, , -39, , -21, , -17, -32, , -15, -27, , -14, -24, , S7, , -1200 -169, -1560 -226, , -1050 -150, -1370 -202, , -920 -138, -1240 -190, , -820 -123, -1110 -169, , -740 -113, -1030 -159, , -660, -950, , -580, -830, , -520, -770, , -460, -710, , -410, -630, , -380, -600, , -360, -550, , -340, -530, , -320, -480, , -310, -470, , -430, , -300, , -400, , -290, , -280, -370, , -270, -345, , -270, -330, , a11, , -840 -1650 -229, -1240 -2050 -292, , -760 -1500 -209, -1160 -1900 -272, , -680 -1350 -187, -1040 -1710 -244, , -600, -960, , -540, -860, , -480, -800, , -420, -710, , -380, -670, , -340, -630, , -310, -560, , -280, -530, , -260, -510, , -240, -460, , -220, -440, , -200, -390, , -190, -380, , -180, -340, , -170, -330, , -290, , -160, , -260, , -150, , -150, -240, , -140, -215, , -140, -200, , b11, , -109, -172, , -103, -166, , -93, -150, , -87, -144, , -78, -130, , -74, -126, , -67, -113, , -63, -109, , -60, -106, , -53, -93, , -50, -90, , -48, -88, , -41, -76, , -38, -73, , -32, -62, , -30, -60, , -50, , -25, , -41, , -20, , -34, , -16, , -13, -28, , -11, -23, , -10, -20, , R7, , -108, , -45, , -98, , -41, , -88, , -36, , -33, -79, , -28, -68, , -59, , -24, , -51, , -21, , -42, , -17, , -35, , -14, , -29, , -11, , -9, -24, , -8, -20, , -6, -16, , P7, , -80, , -17, , -73, , -16, , -66, , -14, , -14, -60, , -12, -52, , -45, , -10, , -39, , -9, , -33, , -8, , -28, , -7, , -23, , -5, , -4, -19, , -4, -16, , -4, -14, , N7, , TABLE FOR TOLERANCE ZONES & LIMITS (DIMENSIONS IN m m), , -45, , +18, , -40, , +17, , -36, , +16, , +13, -33, , +12, -28, , -25, , +10, , -21, , +9, , -18, , +7, , -15, , +6, , -12, , +6, , +5, -10, , +3, -9, , 0, -10, , K7, , -31.5, , 31.5, , -28.5, , +28.5, , -26, , +26, , +23, -23, , +20, -20, , -17.5, , +17.5, , -15, , +15, , -12.5, , +12.5, , -10.5, , +10.5, , -9, , +9, , +7.5, -7.5, , +6, -6, , +5, -5, , JS7, , 0, , +63, , 0, , +57, , 0, , +52, , +46, 0, , +40, 0, , 0, , +35, , 0, , +30, , 0, , +25, , 0, , +21, , 0, , +18, , +15, 0, , +12, 0, , +10, 0, , H7, , 0, , +97, , 0, , +89, , 0, , +81, , +72, 0, , +63, 0, , 0, , +54, , 0, , +46, , 0, , +39, , 0, , +33, , 0, , +27, , +22, 0, , +18, 0, , +14, 0, , H8, , 0, , +155, , 0, , +140, , 0, , +130, , +115, 0, , +100, 0, , 0, , +87, , 0, , +74, , 0, , +62, , 0, , +52, , 0, , +43, , +36, 0, , +30, 0, , +25, 0, , H9, , 0, , +400, , 0, , +360, , 0, , +320, , +290, 0, , +250, 0, , 0, , +220, , 0, , +190, , 0, , +160, , 0, , +130, , 0, , +110, , +90, 0, , +75, 0, , +60, 0, , H11, , +20, , +83, , +18, , +75, , +17, , +69, , +61, +15, , +54, +14, , +12, , +47, , +10, , +40, , +9, , +34, , +7, , +28, , +7, , +24, , +20, +5, , +16, +4, , +12, +2, , G7, , F8, , +68, , +165, , +69, , +151, , +56, , +137, , +122, +50, , +106, +43, , +36, , +90, , +30, , +76, , +25, , +64, , +20, , +53, , +16, , +43, , +35, +13, , +28, +10, , +20, +6, , E9, , D10, , +65, , +149, , +50, , +120, , +98, +40, , +78, +30, , +60, +20, , +80, , +135, , +290, , +125, , +265, , +110, , +240, , +215, +100, , +185, +85, , +72, , +159, , +60, , +230, , +480, , +210, , +440, , +190, , +400, , +355, +170, , +305, +145, , +120, , +260, , +100, , +134 +220, , +50, , +112 +180, , +40, , +92, , +32, , +75, , +61, +25, , +50, +20, , +39, +14, , C11, , +880, +480, , +840, +440, , +760, +400, , +720, +360, , +650, +330, , +620, +300, , +570, +280, , +550, +260, , +530, +240, , +480, +230, , +460, +210, , +450, +200, , +400, +180, , +390, +170, , +340, +150, , +330, +140, , +290, +130, , +280, +120, , +110, , +240, , +95, , +205, , +170, +80, , +145, +70, , +120, +60, , B11, , +1240, +840, , +1160, +760, , +1040, +680, , +960, +600, , +860, +540, , +800, +480, , +710, +420, , +670, +380, , +630, +340, , +560, +310, , +530, +280, , +510, +260, , +460, +240, , +440, +220, , +390, +200, , +380, +190, , +340, +180, , +330, +170, , +160, , +290, , +150, , +260, , +240, +150, , +215, +140, , +200, +140, , +2050, +1650, , +1900, +1500, , +1710, +1350, , +1500, +1200, , +1370, +1050, , +1240, +920, , +1110, +820, , +1030, +740, , +950, +660, , +830, +580, , +770, +520, , +710, +460, , +630, +410, , +600, +380, , +550, +360, , +530, +340, , +480, +320, , +470, +310, , +300, , +430, , +290, , +400, , +370, +280, , +345, +270, , +330, + 270, , A11

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For Engineering Trades, Engineering Drawing, , Exercise 1.8.26, , Sizes and layout of drawing sheets - Selection of sizes, title Block, its position, & content and item reference on drawing sheet (item list), Designation of sheets: The drawing sheets are designated, by symbols such as A0,A1,A2,,A3,A4 and A5. A0 being the, largest. Table 1 below gives the length and breadth of the, above sizes of sheets. (Trimmed and untrimmed), The relationship between two sides are same as that of a, side of a square and its diagonal., , Layout of drawing sheet:, As a standard practice sufficient margins are to be provided, on all sides of the drawing sheet. The drawing sheet should, have drawing space and title page. A typical layout of a, drawing sheet is shown in the (Fig 1 & 2)., 1, , Designation, A0, A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, , Trimmed size, , Untrimmed size, , 841 x 1189, 594 x 841, 420 x 594, 297 x 420, 210 x 297, 148 x 210, , 880 x 1230, 625 x 880, 450 x 625, 330 x 450, 240 x 330, 165 x 240, , EDN182611, , TABLE 1, , Title Block - 1, , EDN182612, , 2, , 100, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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Title Block - 2, , Title Block - 3, , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.8.26, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License., , 101

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Title Block - Position and content - 1, , 102, , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.8.26, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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Title Block - Position and content - 2, , Item Reference on Drawing Sheet, 05, , TIGHTENING PIN, , 01, , MILD STEEL, , 04, , WORK PIECE, , 01, , ANY MATL., , 03, , SCREW ROD, , 01, , STD., , 02, , “U” CLAMP, , 01, , CAST IRON, , 01, , “V” BLOCK, , 01, , CAST IRON, , QTY/ASSY, , MATERIAL, , DESCRIPTION OF ITEM, , REMARKS, , BILL OF MATERIALS, , The drawing sheet on which the drawings to be prepared, should be prepared first by following the procedure given, below, , 3 Follow the same procedure for A3 drawing sheet where, the title block is to be drawn right side bottom corner, and the border dimensions remain same., , 1 Take A4/A3 drawing sheet., , 4 Title block to be drawn whenever the title of the drawing, changes. Eg. for the geometrical construction chapter, the title block may be drawn in the first sheet only where, as on the remaining sheets borders to be drawn before, they are used for preparing drawings., , 2 Mark the borders and draw the title block as mentioned, below., , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.8.26, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License., , 103

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For Engineering Trades, Engineering Drawing, , Exercise 1.9.27, , Method of presentation of engineering drawing - Pictorial view and isometric, view, Pictorial drawing: Even a common man can understand, easily the shape of an object quickly by a picture or by a, pictorial drawing. It is also called as three dimensional, drawing., Pictorial drawings are very useful for describing the shape, of a piece part or component, even though they have a, distorted look., Three type of pictorial drawings are (Fig 1), •, , Isometric drawing, , •, , Oblique drawing, , •, , Perspective drawing, , These three lines which represent the mutually perpendicular, edges are isometric axes. Generally those axes are kept, in four positions. (Fig 3), , So to draw the isometric drawing, first draw the three, mutually perpendicular edges, set other linear dimensions, and complete the figure. (Fig 4), , Out of the above three types, isometric drawings are very, much preferred by machine shop and metal working trades, group. But perspective drawings are popular in civil, engineering group of trades., Isometric drawing: In an isometric drawing the three, mutually perpendicular edges of a cube are at an angle of, 120° with each other. Instead of drawing the edges in the, above said way, first we can also start from point `a'. At this, point also three mutually perpendicular edges met while, two of these edges make 30° to horizontal, the other edge, is vertical. After drawing two 30° lines and one vertical line,, parallel lines are drawn to complete cube. (Fig 2), 104, , Isometric and non-isometric lines: Fig 5 shows the, isometric view of a shaped block. Here all lines except AB,, BC and DE are parallel to isometric axis. Such lines which, are parallel to isometric axes are called isometric lines, whereas such lines AB, BC and DE which are not parallel, to isometric axes are called non-isometric lines., The length of non-isometric lines will not follow the scale, used for isometric lines. To prove this point consider the, non-isometric lines AB or BC. The true length of both AB, and BC is 5 cm while BC will be longer. Because of this, reason non-isometric lines are drawn first by locating their, starting and end points on isometric lines., , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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•, , Mark the distances kg and dh on the top face of box., (Fig 7c), , •, , Join the points ab, bc, ca, ag, bg and cg and complete, the isometric view of the pyramid in box method. (Fig7c), , Off-set method of drawing a pyramid, Example, To locate the end points and to draw the non-isometric lines, two methods are employed. They are, , Same triangular pyramid (Fig 6) is considered for drawing, isometric view using offset method., , •, , Box method, , •, , •, , Off-set method, , Draw an isometric square/rectangle considering the, corners of the base of the pyramid. (Fig 8a), , •, , With the help of Fig 6 (Plan) locate all the three corners, of the base P,Q and r using offset method., , •, , Locate the position of vertex `O' on base by referring the, Fig 6 (Plan) using the same offset method. (Fig 8b), , •, , Draw the vertical line 0'-0 to the height of the pyramid., , •, , Join the corners of the base., , •, , Join the vertex 0' with the corners of the base and, complete the pyramid. (Fig 8c), , Box method: The object is assumed to be inside a, rectangular box. Starting and end points are located and, marked. By joining the points isometric view is drawn., Off-set method: This method is most suited for the objects, consisting of number of planes at a number of different, angles., These methods are not only useful for isometric, views involving non-isometric lines but also for, the isometric views involving isometric lines., Box method of drawing a pyramid, Example, Draw an isometric view for the triangular pyramid shown in, Fig 6 using a box method., , Angles in isometric drawing: The angles of inclined, surfaces will not have the value in the isometric drawing, but, will be more in some cases and less in other cases., For example, in the isometric view of prism shown in Fig 9, the true value of all the angles is 90°. But in isometric, drawing the angles are 60° in some cases and 120° in, others., , •, , Construct a rectangular box to the overall size of the, pyramid (Fig 7a), , •, , Mark the distances ad and be from the plan of Fig 7b in, the base of the box., , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.9.27, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License., , 105

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Isometric circles: The term isometric circle refers to the, shape of circle in isometric view. An isometric circle will be, elliptical in shape as shown in Fig 10. While drawing, isometric view of cylindrical features isometric circles will, have to be used. (Fig11), , Fig 13 shows the construction of isometric circle in 3, different orientation by arc method. Four arcs are to be, drawn and the centres an C1, C2, B & D. While centre B, and D are the corner of the rhombus C1 and C2 are, intersection points of the longer diagonal with lines from, points B or D to the mid point of the side of the rhombus., , Note: The arc method gives a clean ellipse, but, this ellipse drawn this way will slightly deviate, from true ellipse. It does not matter for our, purpose., , An isometric circle can be drawn either be plotting offset, method or by arc method., Plotting method (Fig 12), , •, , Draw a square of side equal to the dia of circle and, inscribe the circle., , •, , Divide the circle into any number of equal parts and, mark points such as 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8 on the circle., , •, , Through the points 1,2,3 etc draw lines parallel to the, both the axis of cylinder., , •, , Draw isometric view of the square., , •, , Mark points corresponding to 1,2,3....8 with isometric, view of the square as points 1',2',3'....8'., , •, , Join these points with a smooth curve to for an ellipse., Note: The orientation of the isometric circle, will depend upon the plane on which the, circular feature exists., , Arc method: Isometric circles drawn by offset method is, the ideal method of making isometric circles as the ellipse, obtained this way is geometrically true. But by free hand, we cannot get a clear line., 106, , The isometric circles can also be drawn using templates, which can be bought from stationary shops., Isometric view of profiles: The profile M'N' of the block, shown in Fig 14 is irregular in nature. The isometric views, of such lines may be drawn by offset method described, earlier. The points 1',2',3' and 4' lie on the profile. Lines A'1', B'-2', C'-3', D'-4' are isometric lines and their length are, same both in Fig 14 & Fig 15. After getting the points 1,2,3, & 4, they joined by smooth curve., , Note: In offset method more the number of, points, better will be the accuracy of the curve., Isometric drawing of sphere: The Orthographic view of, a sphere seen from any direction is a circle of diameter, equal to the diameter of the sphere. Hence, the isometric, drawing of a sphere is also a circle of the same diameter., The front view and the top view of a sphere resting on flat, surface are shown in Fig 16a., `O' as its centre, D is the diameter and P is the point of, contact with the surface., , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.9.27, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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Again, assume a horizontal section through the centre of, the sphere., The isometric drawing of this circle is shown by the ellipse, 3, drawn in a horizontal position around the same centre, `O'. In all the three cases 1,2 & 3 the outermost points on, the ellipse from the centre `O' is equal to 1/2 D., Thus, it can be seen that in an isometric drawing, the, distances of all the points on the surface of a sphere from, its centre are equal to the radius of the sphere. Hence, the, isometric projection of a sphere is a circle whose diameter, is equal to the true diameter of the sphere. (Fig 17), Assume a vertical section the centre of the sphere. Its, shape will be a circle of diameter D. The isometric drawing, of this circle are ellipses 1 & 2 Fig 16(b) drawn in two, different vertical positions around the same centre `O'. The, major axis in each case is equal to D. The distance of the, point P from the centre `O' is equal to the isometric radius, of the sphere., , Also the distance of the centre of the sphere from its point, of contact with the flat surface is equal to the isometric, radius OP of the sphere., It is therefore of the utmost importance to note that, isometric scale must invariably be used while drawing, isometric projection of solids in conjunction with spheres, or having spherical parts., , Practice of isometric views, Draw the following isometric figures (Ex.1 to 8) in A3/A4, Sheets. Follow the procedure given wherever necessary., , •, , Draw two vertical lines parallel to the line AH through, points B and D., , Procedure, , •, , Similarly draw two more lines parallel to AB and AD, through point H., , •, , Mark G and E the intersecting points., , •, , Draw lines parallel to GH and HE through points G and, E intersecting point is F., , •, , Draw lines parallel to AB & AD through points D and B, respectively intersecting at C., , •, , Join CB & CD with dash lines., , •, , Join F and C also with dash lines., , •, , Rub off the construction lines and complete the prism., , 1 Draw the isometric drawing of a rectangular prism, of base 30 mm x 40 mm and the height 60 mm., (Fig1), , 2 Draw the isometric view of the stepped block, given in Fig2., , •, , Draw the three isometric axes through point `A'., , •, , Mark AB = 15 mm, AD = 30 mm and AH = 50 mm, representing the three sides of prism., , •, , Draw the isometric view of a rectangular prism of, dimensions equal to the overall size of the block 45 x 25, x 30 mm., , •, , Draw the lines JD, DE, EF, FH, HI and IJ using the, measurements given in the figure., , • Rub off SR, RD, SJ, SH and RF., Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.9.27, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License., , 107

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•, , Darken the remaining lines of the stepped block., , Note: All construction lines should be in thin, lines. After completion of the isometric views,, in each case erase the unwanted lines and, construction lines., With the experiences gained in previous exercises of, drawing isometric views, draw the following exercises 4 &, 5 and complete the same., 4 (Fig 4), , 3 Draw the isometric view of the components shown., (Fig 3), , 5 (Fig 5), , •, , Draw the stepped block as per dimension. Follow the, procedure given in the previous Ex.No.2., , •, , Mark points UTSV as per dimension on the top of the, surface EDGF (Fig 3b), , •, , Join points UTSV., , 6 Draw the isometric view of the machined block, having non-isometric lines. (Fig 6a), , •, , Project vertically downwards from the points UTSV and, • Draw an isometric box. (Fig 6b), obtain the point WXYZ at bottom surface such that UW,, • Mark point A on PS at a distance of 15 mm from P., TX, SY & VZ are equal to 10 mm. Join the point WXYZ, and draw the thick lines which are all visible and dotted, • Draw line AB = 25 mm parallel to PQ., lines which are not visible., Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.9.27, 108, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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•, , From B, draw a vertical line cutting RS at L., , •, , Mark point D on US such that UD = 20 mm., , •, , Draw a line DC parallel to UT equal to AB., , •, , Join AD, BC and CL to complete the required isometric, view of the block., , •, , Remove the extra lines and darken the required visible, edges., , •, , Show hidden edges by dashed lines., , Draw the isometric drawing of the following slant cut, blocks. (Fig 8), , 7 Draw the isometric view of the `V' block. (Fig 7a), •, , Draw the isometric view of a rectangular box of size 50, x 40 x 30., , •, , On the face ABFE, draw the lines JN & LN by offset, method., , •, , Similarly draw lines KP & MP., , •, , Join ML, KJ and PN., , •, , Erase construction lines and make the remaining line, thick and dashes according to the drawing., , •, , In each case draw the isometric view of a rectangular, prism to the overall sizes of the each block., , •, , Follow the procedure adopted in the previous exercises, and complete the each isometric view of the blocks., , •, , Remove the unwanted lines, draw the remaining lines, thick and hidden lines as required. Complete the, figures., , •, , Assume the missing dimensions if any proportionally., , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.9.27, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License., , 109

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Pictorial drawing (Oblique drawing), Oblique drawings are yet another type of pictorial, projections, they differ from isometric drawings in two, ways., – In oblique drawing, projections are oblique (inclined) to, the plane of projection. whereas in isometric projections, projectors are perpendicular to the plane of projection., (Fig 1), , Projection of edges such as AE, DH, BF and CG which are, perpendicular to the plane of projection will measure, differently depending on the angle of inclination of the, projectors. If the inclination of the projectors is 45° the, projections of these edges measure to their true lengths., If the angle is less than 45° the projection of such, perpendicular edges will measure less than the true length,, if the angle of inclination of the projectors is greater than, 45°. Projection of such perpendicular edges will measure, more than the true length., Oblique projections nevertheless have an unique advantage, what we want to make pictorial drawings of object having, curved features. For making isometric views of a curved, feature we have first to draw their orthographic views in, order to find out the offsets of points lying on the curve. But, this difficult procedure is not necessary in the case of, oblique views., For example the component shown in Fig 3 has several, curved features. While drawing oblique view of this, component the curved features are drawn to true shape, using compass. This is relatively easier method in, comparison to the drawing of the same component in, isometric view., , – In an oblique drawing one of the principal faces of the, object is kept parallel to the plane of projection, but in, isometric, none of the faces of the object is parallel to, the plane of projection., Even though one of face of the object is, positioned parallel to the picture plane, we still, get a pictorial view and the projections are, inclined to both HP and VP., Because one of the principle faces of the object is parallel, to the plane of projection, in the oblique projection, the, projection of this face and faces parallel to it will appear in, true size and shape. In the oblique projection of a prism is, shown in Fig 2, the faces ABCD and EFGH are parallel to, the plane of projection and they appear to be true in size, and shape. The other four faces which are perpendicular, to the plane of projection do not appear in true shape. (all, these four faces are seen as parallelogram) However the, vertical edges of these faces are parallel to the plane of, projection and hence the projection of these edges will, measure to their true lengths., , 110, , Inclination of projectors: While projectors can have any, angle of inclination, usually oblique views are drawn to, either 45° or 30°. The inclined lines in the oblique drawings, are called receding lines (Fig 4) and they are more, commonly drawn to 45°. The scale of lines along receding, may be 1:1 (true lengths) or 1:2 (half of the true length)., Oblique drawing drawn to 1:1 (Fig 5) are called as cavalier, projections and those drawn to 1:2 (Fig 6) are called as, cabinet projections. These two terms are of academic, interest only and mostly we refer these views as oblique, projections/drawings only., In comparison a cabinet projection will look less distorted, than a cavalier projection., , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.9.27, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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Object positioning in oblique drawing: Remember to, position the object in such a way as to make best use of, the advantage offered by oblique projection. The face that, has the maximum curved details should be placed parallel, to the plane of projection. See example in Fig 8., , Another point to note is as far as possible, place the, longest dimension parallel to the plane of projection., (Fig9a & b), , Procedure for drawing oblique views: The procedure, for creating oblique drawing is very much similar to that for, drawing isometric views. To make isometric view we start, from drawing three isometric axes at the desired orientation., In oblique drawing also we start by drawing three axes at, the desired orientation. But here two of the axes are, perpendicular to each other while the third axis (receding, axis). Make 45° or 30° to the horizontal. The orientation, of the axes may be any one of the four possibilities given, in the figure 7., , Few examples of oblique drawings are shown in Fig 10., , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.9.27, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License., , 111

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Method of perspective views, Perspective (from Latin: perspicere "to see through") in, the graphic arts is an approximate representation, generally, on a flat surface (such as paper), of an image as it is seen, by the eye. The two most characteristic features of, perspective are that objects appear smaller as their, distance from the observer increases; (Fig 1) and that they, are subject to foreshortening, meaning that an object's, dimensions along the line of sight appear shorter than its, dimensions across the line of sight., , Two-point perspective, , One-point perspective, A drawing has one-point perspective when it contains only, one vanishing point on the horizon line. (Fig 1&2) This, type of perspective is typically used for images of roads,, railway tracks, hallways, or buildings viewed so that the, front is directly facing the viewer., , 112, , A drawing has two-point perspective when it contains two, vanishing points on the horizon line. In an illustration, these, vanishing points can be placed arbitrarily along the horizon., (Fig 1&2) Two-point perspective can be used to draw the, same objects as one-point perspective, rotated: looking, at the corner of a house, or at two forked roads shrinking, into the distance, for example. One point represents one, set of parallel lines, the other point represents the other., Seen from the corner, one wall of a house would recede, towards one vanishing point while the other wall recedes, towards the opposite vanishing point., , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.9.27, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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Three-point perspective, Three-point perspective is often used for buildings seen, from above (or below). (Fig 1&2) In addition to the two, vanishing points from before, one for each wall, there is, now one for how the vertical lines of the walls recede. For, an object seen from above, this third vanishing point is, below the ground. For an object seen from below, as when, the viewer looks up at a tall building, the third vanishing, point is high in space., , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.9.27, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License., , 113

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For Engineering Trades, Engineering Drawing, , Exercise 1.9.28, , Method of presentation of engineering drawing - Orthographic view, , 114, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.9.28, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License., , 115

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For Engineering Trades, Engineering Drawing, , Exercise 1.10.29, , Symbolic representation - different symbols used in the trades - Fastener, (bolts, nuts and rivets), Introduction, , 1 Materials, , Conventions are the graphical symbols used while making, drawings to indicate, , 2 Equipments/Instruments/Engineering Components, , 1 Fasteners (Rivets, Bolts and Nuts), , 4 Electrical and Electronic elements, , 2 Bars and Profile section, , 5 Piping joints and Fittings, , 3 Weld, Brazed and soldering joints, , Fasteners (bolts, nuts and rivets), Grade Identification, Marking, , Material, , Carbon Steel, Carbon Steel, , Grade Identification, Marking, , Material, , Carbon Steel, Quenched & Tempered, , Carbon Steel, Carbon Steel Quenched &, Tempered, , Atmospheric Corrosion, Resistant Steel, Quenched, & Tempered, , Atmospheric Corrosion, Resistant Steel,, Quenched & Tempered, , Carbon Steel, , Carbon Steel, Quenched, & Tempered, , Medium Carbon Steel, , 116, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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Grade Identification, Marking, , Material, , Medium Carbon Steel, Quenched & Tempered, , Medium Carbon Steel, Quenched & Tempered, , Medium Carbon Steel, Quenched & Tempered, , Medium Carbon Steel, Quenched & Tempered, , Medium Carbon Steel, Quenched & Tempered, , Rivet Symbol, •, , In case of large drawings where no. of rivets are used,, it is not necessary to draw all rivets., , •, , For this, gauge lines are drawn and location of rivets, are shown by line symbol as per I.S.I., Sl.No, , Object, , Symbol, , Sl.No, , Object, , 1, , Shop SNAP Headed rivets, , 6, , Site CSK (Near side) rivets, , 2, , Shop CSK (Near side) rivets, , 7, , Site CSK (Far side) rivets, , 3, , Shop CSK (Far side) rivets, , 8, , Site CSK (Both side) rivets, , 4, , Shop CSK (Both side) rivets, , 9, , Open Hole, , 5, , Site SNAP Headed rivets, , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.10.29, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License., , Symbol, , 117

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Rivet symbols, Because many engineering structures are too large to be built in the shop, they are built in the largest units possible and, then are transported to the desired location. Trusses are common examples. The rivets driven in the shop are called shop, rivets, and those driven on the job are called field rivets., , 118, , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.10.29, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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For Engineering Trades, Engineering Drawing, , Exercise 1.10.30, , Symbolic representation of bars and profile sections, , 119, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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For Engineering Trades, Engineering Drawing, , Exercise 1.10.31, , Symbolic representation of weld, brazed and soldered joints, 1 Symbolic representation of supplementary, welding symbols, , Convention used for Welded joints, S.no, , Designation, , 1, , Fillet, , 2, , Square butt, , 3, , Single V-butt, , 4, , Double V-butt, , 5, , Single U-butt, , 6, , Double U-butt, , 7, , Single bevel butt, , 8, , Double bevel butt, , 9, , Single J-butt, , 10, , Double J-butt, , 11, , Stud, , 12, , Bead edge or seal, , 13, , Sealing run, , 14, , Spot, , 15, , Seam, , 16, , Stitch, , 17, , Plug weld, , Illustration, , Symbol, , 2 Symbolic representation of Positioning of welding, symbols, , 3 Symbolic representation of End view of joint, its, symbolization and front view of its symbolization, , 120, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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4 Brazed and soldered joints, , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.10.31, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License., , 121

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For Engineering Trades, Engineering Drawing, , Exercise 1.10.32, , Symbolic representation of electrical and electronic elements, Conventions used for electrical and electronic elements, S.No., , Particulars, , 1, , D.C., , 2, , A.C., , 3, , Positive, , 4, , Negative, , 5, , Single Phase, A.C. 50 Hz, , 6, , Symbols, , S.No., , Particulars, , 11, , Cell, , 12, , Battery, , 13, , Single pole single, throw switch, , 14, , Push-button switch, , Three Phase, A.C., 50 Hz, , 7, , 15, , Energy meter, , 16, , Alternator, , 17, , Generator, , 18, , D.C. Motor, , A.C. / D.C., , 8, , 3-Phase line, , 9, , Neutral line, , 10, , Earth, , 122, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License., , Symbols

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S.No., , 19, , 20, , 21, , 22, , 23, , 24, , 25, , 26, , 27, , Particulars, , Symbols, , S.No., , 29, , Ceiling Rose, 2-pin, 3-pin, , 30, , Over head line, , A.C.Motor Single, phase, , Symbols, , 3-phase squirrel, cage motor, 31, , Aerial, , 32, , Voltmeter, , 33, , Ammeter, , 34, , Ohm Meter, , 35, , Watt Meter, , 36, , Lamp, , 3-phase slip, ring motor, , Capacitor:, Fixed, variable, , Electrolytic, Capacitor, , Two-way switch, , D.P.D.T. Switch, , Fuse: ordinary, cartridge, , 37, , Fan regulator, , 38, , Electro Magnet, , Link, 39, , 28, , Particulars, , Relay, , Socket, 2 pin, 3 pin, , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.10.32, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License., , 123

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S.No., , Particulars, , Symbols, , S.No., , Particulars, , 40, , Electric bell, , 51, , Rectifier, , 41, , Buzzer, , 52, , Trimmer:, Padder, , 53, , Ganged, Capacitor, , 42, , 43, , Contacts - NO, NC, , 3-phase contactor, , 44, , Connections:, star, Delta, , 45, , Choke, , 46, , 47, , 48, , 54, , Main transformer, with multiple, secondary winding, , 55, , Auto transformer, , Transformers, 56, , Silicon Bilateral, switch (SBS), , 57, , S.C.R., , 58, , U.J.T, , Carbon microphone, , Loudspeaker, , 49, , Resistor : Fixed, , 50, , Resistor:, variable, , 59, , 124, , F.E.T. N-Channel, , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.10.32, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License., , Symbols

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S.No., , Particulars, , 60, , F.E.T. P-Channel, , 61, , 62, , S.No., , Particulars, , 68, , AND gate, , 69, , NAND gate, , 70, , Ex-OR gate, , Symbols, , TRAIC, , DIAC, , 63, , NPN Transistor, , 64, , PNP transistor, , 65, , Symbols, , 71, , Operational, amplifier, , 72, , Ex-NOR gate, , 73, , Flip - flop, , 74, , Differential, Amplifier, , 75, , Light emitting diode, , 76, , Photo diode, , NOT gate, , 66, , OR gate, , 67, , NOR gate, , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.10.32, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License., , 125

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For Engineering Trades, Engineering Drawing, , Exercise 1.10.33, , Symbolic representation of piping joints and fittings, Isometric and orthographic symbols for pipe fittings, S. No., , Description, , Isometric symbol (right face), Screwed, , 1, , Joint/Coupling, , 2, , Reducer, , 3, , 900 elbow, , 4, , (i), , Turned up, , (ii), , Turned down, , Flanged, , Orthographic symbol, Screwed, , Tee, , (i), , Turned up, , (ii), , Turned down, , 5, , Cross, , 6, , Bend, , 7, , Plug (female)/(dead end), , 8, , Plug (male), , 9, , Union, , 10, , Hose nipple, , 126, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License., , Flanged

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Image, , Valves, , Butt weld Symbol, , Flanged Symbol, , Gate, , Globe, , Ball, , Plug, , Butterfly, , Needle, , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.10.33, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License., , 127

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For Engineering Trades, Engineering Drawing, , Exercise 1.11.34, , Projections - concept of axes plane and quadrant, Graphics are preferred by engineer's and craftsman to, communicate their ideas. When graphics are used for, communication it is called graphical language. Those who, do not have the knowledge of this language are professionally, illiterate., The saying that "A picture is worth a thousand words" is, very much relevant in technical work., An engineering drawing conveys many different types of, information of which the most important thing is the shape, of the object. Fig 1 shows a sample drawing. In this drawing, the shape of the part is represented by three views., , From Fig 1 & 2, it is clear that there are different ways of, describing the shape of a part on a paper. Figure 1 is called, as Multiview drawing or Orthographic drawing and the, method adopted in figure 2 is called pictorial drawing. The, different views in a multiview drawing are called as, 'Orthographic views' or Orthographic projections., To describe the shape of a part in engineering drawings,, multiview or orthographic view method is preferred as only, Orthographic view can convey the true shape of the object., Whereas in pictorial drawing through this shape is easily, understood and it is distorted. To emphasise this point,, see Fig 3, wherein a cube with a circular hole is represented, pictorially. We know that all corners of the cube are of 90°., But in the pictorial drawing in Fig 3, the same 90° is, represented at some places by acute angles and at some, other places by obtuse angles., , For an untrained person it will be very difficult to conceive, the shape of the object from the above drawing., But in Fig 2, the same object is shown pictorially in a, different ways and the shape is easily understood even by, a layman., , Projection: Projection is commonly used term in, draughtsman’s vocabulary. In the context of engineering, drawing, projectors means image and it is comparable to, the image formed on the retina of the eyes. (Projection can, also be compared to the image of the object on the screen,, where the film is projected (by the cinema projector) by the, light rays., Projection or images can also be formed in between the, eyes and the object by keeping a transparent plane. (Fig 4), In this figure 4 the rays from the object converge to the eyes, and this image (Projection) is smaller than the object., However if the rays are parallel as in the case of rays, coming from the sun, the image (Projection) will be of the, same size as that of the objects. Such a projection is called, orthographic projection. The parallel lines/rays drawn from, the object are called projectors and the plane on which, image is formed is called plane of projection. In orthographic, projection, the projectors are perpendicular to the plane of, projection. (Fig 5), , 128, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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The two views thus required are to be obtained on two, different planes which are mutually perpendicular (one HP, and one VP) with the object remaining in the same position., The projection or the view obtained on the horizontal plane, is called the top view or plan and the view obtained on the, vertical plane is called elevation., First angle and third angle projection: One vertical plane, (VP) and one horizontal plane (HP) intersect at right angles, to each other. (Fig 7), , Orthographic projection: The term orthographic is, projection derived from the words, Ortho means straight or, at right angles and graphic means written or drawn. The, projection comes from the Old Latin words PRO means, forward and Section means to throw. The orthographic, projection literally means "Throw to forward", "drawn at, right angles" to the planes of projection., An orthographic system of projection is the method of, representing the exact shape and size of a three dimensional, object on a drawing sheet or any other plain surface such, as drawing board., A single orthographic view of an object will show only two, of its three dimensions. The view in figure 6 shows only the, length and height of the object only., , All the four quadrants have one HP and one VP formation., As per convention in mathematics, the quadrants are, numbered as 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th. These four quadrants are, called four dihedral angles, namely 1st angle, 2nd angle, 3rd, angle and 4th angle., To draw two views of an object, we assume that the object, is placed in any one of the quadrant/angles, 1st angle & 3rd, angle Fig 8a, 9a and its plan and elevation projected to the, respective planes., Now to make it possible to draw the two views (Plan &, elevation) in one plane i.e the plane of the drawing paper,, the horizontal plane is assumed to be unfolded in clockwise, direction through 90° Fig 8b & 9b. We proceed this way,, when the views are made. When the object is placed in the, 2nd or fourth quadrant the plan and elevation will get super, imposed (one up on the other) Fig 10a & b., , Therefore, it becomes necessary to have an additional view, to show the missing dimensions (width). Therefore, we, have to make two views to represent the three dimensions, of an object., Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.11.34, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License., , 129

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Due to this reason the 2nd and 4th angle are not used for, making engineering drawings as the three dimensions, cannot be easily identified. Hence for representing the, three dimension of the object, we assume the object is, placed either in 1st angle and in 3rd angle (Fig 11 & 12), respectively, The placement of plan and elevation when the horizontal, plane is unfolded will be different in these two systems. It, may be observed in Fig 13 that in the first angle projection, plan (top views) will be directly below the elevation, whereas, in 3rd angle projection plan lies directly above the elevation., (Fig 14), Views can be drawn in any one of these two methods., However Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS) has recommended, the first angle method to be used in our country., , 130, , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.11.34, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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For Engineering Trades, Engineering Drawing, , Exercise 1.11.35, , Projections - Orthographic projection, Procedure, , In this exercise the faces of prism are parallel to the planes, of projection. Therefore all the lines orthographic projection, are vertical and horizontal lines only., , Method 1, Draw the orthographic projection (front, top and side views), of the square sheet (40 mm side) kept perpendicular to HP, and parallel to VP. (I angle) (Fig 1), , •, , Draw the xy line., , •, , Draw the square with its centre 40 mm above the xy line, and one edge parallel to xy line., , •, , Mark the corners of the figure a', b', c' & d'. This will be, the front of the square., , •, , Draw the vertical projectors from a'b' downward beyond, the xy line., , •, , Draw a horizontal line dc at a distance of 20 mm below, the xy line. Line dc will be the plan., , •, , Draw a X'Y' line at a convenient distance from b'c',, intersecting the xy line at `0'., , •, , Project the top to the X Y line meeting at e., , •, , By arc method transfer Oe to xy and mark the point `f', at a" and d" respectively. Now the line a"d" is the side, view., , Visualise the shape of the object and imagine the shape, description of views. Surface ABCD (Fig 2B) only visible, from the elevation. At the same time all the four sides of, ABCD are isometric lines. Therefore in the elevation a, rectangle of 40 x 30 mm is seen., , •, , Draw xy line of convenient length. (Fig 2B), , •, , Draw a rectangle a'b'c'd' on the xy line. This will be the, front view of the prism., , Method 2 : Rectangular prism, , •, , Draw the Top, Front and side views of the rectangular prism, of base 30 x 20 mm and height 40 mm. (Fig 2A), , Project the vertical sides of the front view (a'd' and b'd'), downwards beyond xy line., , •, , Draw a horizontal line fg approximately 20 mm below xy, line., 131, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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•, , Draw a rectangle fgba of 35 x 20 mm size. This will be, the plan of the prism., , •, , Project points b' and c' horizontally a convenient length, to the right side of the elevation., , •, , Transfer the width of top view gb by arc and locate points, e"d" on the xy line., , •, , Project e"d" vertically up and locate points f"a"d"e" is, the left side view of the prism., , •, , Draw projectors from elevation and side view and, complete the plan., (Three lateral faces are visible of which one is of true, shape and the other two are fore shortened), , Method 4 : Cylinder, Draw the top, front and side view of a cylinder of diameter, 20 mm and length 30 mm. (Fig 4A), , Method 3 : Hexagonal prism, Draw the three views of the hexagonal prism shown in, Fig3A., From the position described above, it is clear that the, hexagonal face of the prism is parallel to AVP. Therefore, the end view is a true hexagon and hence this view should, be drawn first., •, , Draw the side view (hexagonal of side 25 mm) with one, side on HP line. (Fig 3B), , •, , Draw horizontal projectors from side view and complete, the front view. (in the front view two lateral faces are, visible, but they are fore shortened), , In this problem the circular faces are parallel to VP., Therefore the front is a circle resting on XY line. Plan an end, views are rectangles of size 30 mm x 20 mm., 132, , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.11.35, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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•, , Draw the circle of diameter 40 mm touching XY line., (Fig4B), , In this front view, three triangular faces are seen and all of, them are fore-shortened., , •, , Draw the plan projecting it from the elevation., , •, , •, , Draw the end view by drawing projection on it, from the, plan and elevation., , Mark the centre of hexagon (Point P) and draw lines, from P to the six corners of the hexagon. Now this is, the required plan. (Fig 6B), , •, , Draw the top, front and side views of a cylinder whose, base diameter 35 mm and height 50 mm when its, position is as shown in Fig 4C., , •, , Project this P from plan upwards and mark P' at a, distance of 75 mm from XY line., , •, , Mark the points f', a'b'c' etc... on XY line by projecting, the corresponding points from plan., , •, , Join the P' with f', a',b',c' etc and complete the required, elevation., , •, , Draw projectors from elevation and plan to complete the, required side view., , Method 5 : Cone, Draw the multi-views of the cone shown in the Fig 5A., Follow the procedures of the earlier exercises and draw the, multi-views. (Fig 5B), , Method 6 : Regular hexagonal pyramid, Draw the Orthographic views of a regular hexagonal pyramid of side 20 mm and height 40 mm given its position as, below. (Fig 6A), – standing vertically with its base on HP and one side of, the hexagonal base parallel to VP., , Method 7, Identify the surfaces of the block shown in the isometric, view with the corresponding multi-views and fill the numericals, in the given tabulation column. (Fig 7), The surfaces are parallel and perpendicular to the plane of, projection., , • Study the isometric view and the corresponding multiThe pyramid has 6 triangular faces and one hexagonal, views carefully., base. The top view will show the true shape of the base and, other six triangular faces are fore-shortened., Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.11.35, 133, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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•, , You may observe that the surfaces seen in one view are, represented by lines in other two views., , •, , In this exercise the surface `A' shown in isometric view, is seen as a line in the front elevation and numbered as, `5' in the front view of the corresponding multi-views., , •, , The same surface `A' in the side view is seen as a line, and numbered `6' in the side view of the multi-views., , •, , Similarly the surface `A' seen from the top of the, isometric views is numbered as `10' in the plan of the, multi-views, whereas the full surface area is visible., , When a surface is parallel or perpendicular to the plane of, projection vice-versa in a multi-views drawing, full area of, the surface will be seen in any one the three views (plan,, elevation and side view) and in other two views the, corresponding line of the surface will be seen., , Method 8, Identify the surfaces of the block with slope cuts shown in, isometric view with the corresponding multi-views and fill, the tabulation column. (Fig 8), , •, , In this exercise, the surface `B' is seen as a surface in, front view and top view, numbered in multi-views as 7 &, 8 respectively., , Surfaces B and F are inclined to HP and parallel to VP., , •, , The same surface `B' in the side view is seen as a line, and numbered as 19 in the multi-views which are shown, in tabular column. Study the drawing carefully and fill, up the other columns., , •, , Seen from top of the isometric view the fore-shortened, area of the surface is seen and numbered as 5 in the top, view of the multi-view. Similarly in side view it is, numbered as 7 in multi-view., , •, , You may observe that the surface inclined to one plane, is seen in other two views as fore-shortened area of the, surface and in other view the corresponding line of the, surface is visible., , Method 9 (Fig 9), Identify the surfaces of the block shown in Isometric view, with the corresponding multi-views and fill in the tabulation, column. (Fig 9), The surface is inclined to three planes HP, VP & AVP., •, •, , In this exercise you may observe that the surface `A' is, inclined to all the three planes., , When a surface of the object is inclined to all the planes,, the complete fore-shortened surface will be seen in all the, three views., , When you visualise the surface `A' in the front view of the, • Fill the other columns and complete the exercise., isometric view, the fore-shortened area of the surface is, seen and numbered as 2 in the multi-view., Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.11.35, 134, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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Method 10, Draw the isometric view (Fig 10) and also draw the three, views in the work book., , Orthographic projection shows the shape of a component, by drawing number of views each looking at different side, of the component., A minimum of two views are required to represent a, component. In order to clarify clearly the internal and, external details a minimum of three views are to be drawn., They are:, •, , Elevation or Front view or Front elevation. (F), , •, , Plan or Top view. (P), , •, , Side view or side elevation or end elevation. (S), , line joining `D' and `E', also the line joining back bottom, surfaces are appearing in the side view by hidden line., (Fig13), Arrange views as stated earlier with uniform gap between, views. (Fig 13), , In the Fig 10, surface `A' is only seen when looking at the, front of the figure. All the lines in the isometric view are, isometric lines. Therefore in the orthographic projection,, the front view will be like this. (Fig 11), In the plan surfaces `C', `D' and `F' are visible and the, bottom surface will not visible. The line joining the two, surfaces will not visible. The line joining the surfaces will, appear in the plan by hidden line. (Fig 12), In the side view surface `B' is visible and surfaces `E' and, back bottom surfaces are invisible. Due to this reason the, Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.11.35, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License., , 135

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For Engineering Trades, Engineering Drawing, , Exercise 1.11.36, , Projection - Method of 1st angle and 3rd angle projections (Definition and, difference), An orthographic system of projection is the method of, representing the exact shape and size of a three dimensional, object on a drawing sheet or any other plain surface such, as drawing board., 3rd Angle projection (Fig 1), , The two views thus required are to be obtained on two, different planes which are mutually perpendicular (one HP, and one VP) with the object remaining in the same position., The projection or the view obtained on the horizontal plane, is called the top view or plan and the view obtained on the, vertical plane is called elevation., First angle and third angle projection: One vertical plane, (VP) and one horizontal plane (HP) intersect at right angles, to each other. (Fig 3), , 1st Angle projection (Fig 2), All the four quadrants have one HP and one VP formation., As per convention in mathematics, the quadrants are, numbered as 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th. These four quadrants are, called four dihedral angles, namely 1st angle, 2nd angle, 3rd, angle and 4th angle., To draw two views of an object, we assume that the object, is placed in any one of the quadrant/angles, 1st angle & 3rd, angle (Fig 4a & 5a) and its top and front view projected to, the respective planes., Now to make it possible to draw the two views (Front & Top, view) in one plane i.e the plane of the drawing paper, the, horizontal plane is assumed to be unfolded in clockwise, direction through 90° (Fig 4b & 5b) . We proceed this way,, when the views are made. When the object is placed in the, 2nd or fourth quadrant the front and top will get super, imposed (one up on the other) (Fig 6a & 6b)., , A single orthographic view of an object will show only two, of its three dimensions. The view in figure.1 front view, shows only the length and height of the object only., Therefore, it becomes necessary to have an additional, views of top and side views to show the missing dimensions, (width). Therefore, we have to make two views to represent, the three dimensions of an object., 136, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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Due to this reason the 2nd and 4th angle are not used for, making engineering drawings as the three dimensions, cannot be easily identified. Hence for representing the, three dimension of the object, we assume the object is, placed either in 1st angle and in 3rd angle (Fig 7&8), respectively, The placement of front and top views when the horizontal, plane is unfolded will be different in these two systems. It, may be observed in Fig 8, that in the first angle projection, plan (top views) will be directly below the front view,, whereas in 3rd angle projection top view lies directly above, the elevation. (Fig 10), Views can be drawn in any one of these two methods., However Indian Standard (BIS) has recommended the first, angle method to be used in our country., , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.11.36, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License., , 137

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For Engineering Trades, Engineering Drawing, , Exercise 1.11.37, , Projection - Symbol of 1st angle and 3rd angle projection as per IS specification, , 1 a Draw the symbol for 1st angle projection as per IS, specification, if bigger dia D is 50 mm., , 2 a Draw the symbol for 1st angle projection as per IS, specification, if smaller dia D/2 is 20 mm., , b Draw the symbol for 3rd angle projection as per IS, specification, if bigger dia D is 40 mm., , b Draw the symbol for 3rd angle projection as per IS, specification, if smaller dia D/2 is 15 mm., , 138, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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For Engineering Trades, Engineering Drawing, , Exercise 1.12.38, , Drawing of orthographic projection from isometric projection, Draw Orthographic views in first angle projection, , 139, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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Draw three views of the block in 1st angle projection., , Draw three views of the block both in 1st and 3rd angle, projection., , Draw three views of the given block in 3rd angle projection., , Draw three views of the block in 1st angle projection., , Draw three views of the given block in 3rd angle projection., , 140, , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.12.38, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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Draw three views of the given block in 1st and 3rd angle, projection., , Draw three views of the given block in 1st angle projection., , Draw three views of the given block in 3rd angle projection., , Draw three views of the given block in 1st angle projection., , Draw three views of the given block in 3rd angle projection., , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.12.38, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License., , 141

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142, , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.12.38, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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For Engineering Trades, Engineering Drawing, , Exercise 1.13.39, , Reading of fabrication drawing for sheet metal worker trade, Wire ring on the flange, , Funnel, , Cylinderical shape by a round mandrel, Curved edge to be fixed using a gauge, , Shoulder with ferrule, Upset the flange, , Curve on the flange for wiring, Body, , 143, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License.

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Handle, , Funnel, , Reading of fabrication drawing for welder trade, Basic welding positions, , – Overhead position (Fig 4), , – Flat or down hand position (Fig 1), , All welding action takes place in the molten pool, formed, in the welding joint/welding line., , – Horizontal position (Fig 2), , The position of the welding joint line and the weld face in, respect of ground axis indicates the welding position., All joints may be welded in all positions., Plate welding Position:, EN, , Welding Position, , – Vertical position (Vertical up and down) (Fig 3), , ASME, , Groove, , Fillet, , Flat, , PA, , PA, , 1G, , 1F, , Horizontal, , PC, , PB, , 2G, , 2F, , 3G, , 3F, , 4G, , 4F, , Vertical, , PG/PF PG/PF, , Overhead, , PE, , PD, , Groove, , Pipe welding Position:, EN, , ASME, , Groove, , Groove, , Flat, , PA, , 1G, , Horizontal, , PC, , 2G, , Multiple position, , PF/PG, , 5G, , Inclined (All position), , H-LO45, , 6G, , Welding Position, , 144, , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.13.39, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License., , Fillet

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Reading of fabrication drawing for carpenter trade, Window frame (Fig 3), , Panel door (Fig 1), , Parts of panel door (Fig 2), , Engineering Drawing : (NSQF) Exercise 1.13.39, , Copyright Free. Under CC BY License., , 145