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oy, , me=-= oooA,, , Lowry., , 1, , :::;=~, , "!_TlOCUlfure : Ecology ·;~~~:~V~ho~ of) W, ' il~culture,•fr~~-;;;;~ ~ ; ~, -------.::...:~~~~~~g~i~n~at~10~.E edited by Whitney Smith and Christopher, , ■ /9.2. MAJOR CROPPING SYSTEMS, Most of the Indian fanners resort t, . ., 0, 1, . t·10n over a period, ., of a. number of, and rotate, com b1na, of 3 4 y cu tivation, ), . .crops, ., . a particular crop, 1 · h, ., . 10, ., ., ears. 1_t rcsu 1ts tH a multiphctcy of croppmg systerns, wine, r~mam dynami_c, . time- and-space, making-it-diffiGult- to precisely determme the speed of, different croppmg systems(_Scientists have identified more than 250 cropping systems being, followed throughout the country. But it is estimated that only 30 major crowin:;r systems are, preval~n~ barriy._g t]ra~eas ~ r. monocr.g due to moisto.R or 9iermal limitations. These, 30 maJor systems are given below :, , .. Rice-wheat, Rice-rice, Rice-gram, Rice-mustard, Rice-groundnut, Rice-sorghum, Pearlmillet-wheat, , Cotton-wheat, Cotton-gram, Cotton-sorghum, Cotton-safflower, Cotton-groundnut, Maize-wheat, Maize-gram, , Sorghum-sorghum, Groundnut-wheat, Sorghum-groundnut, Groundnut-rice, Sorghum-wheat, Sorghum-gram, Pigeonpea-sorghum

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TABLE 9.1. Predom inant lowlan d and irrigat ed upland rice based croppi ng, system s in India., \,, , ~ ·., , 'P, , Rice Rice Rice Rice Rice Rice Rice -, , Region, , Cropping system, , North, northeastern and northwestern regions including central India, with low temperatures during winter (October to March)., , wheat, mustard, chickpea, greengram, field beans, mustard - greengram, peas - groundnut, , Southern states including adjoining areas of Orissa and Maharashtra., , ~~: =~~: -, , ], rice, Rice - rice - greengram, Rice - cotton, Rice - sunflower, Rice Rice Rice Rice Rice Rice -, , groundnut, groundnut - fingermillet, fingennillet - groundnut, fingerrnillet, sunflower, rice - sunflower, , Rice - greengram/blackgram, Rice - soybean, , J, , Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Kamataka, when the source of, irrigation water in wells., , -, , Coastal and delta areas of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu and Odisha., , while long and medi~m duration var~e~ie_s are grown in command areas. Such rice b~ ed systems, are common in Tamil Nadu and adJommg areas of Andhra Pradesh and Karnatak/, , 9.2.1.2. Wheat Based Cropp ing System s, Wheat based systems are confined to regions with low temperatures during winter. Ricewheat system is dominant all through the wheat belt of the country. Major problem with this, systeII1 is that wheat seeding is, generally, delayed beyond November, which affects the wheat, yield considerably. However, productivity of this system is higher than' other system~ Predominant, wheat based systems are given in Table 9 .2., , 7, , TABLE 9.2. Predom inant wheat based croppi ng system s in India, Cropping system, , r, , I, I, , I, /, , Rice Maize, Rice llice Rice -, , wheat, - wheat, wheat - greengram, potato - wheat, pea - wheat, , Region, , Punjab, Haryana, Northern UP, Hirnachal Pradesh, parts ofRajasthan, and Gujarat., , Pigeonpea - wheat, Pearlmillet - wheat, Soybean - wheat, , Uttar Pradesh, Eastern Gujarat, parts of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Bihar., , Jute - wheat, Jute - potato, Jute - rice - wheat, , West Bengal and parts of Bihar.

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REGION OF IMPORTANCE, , ALFISO_LS, INCEPTISOLS, ENTISOLS, , Millet (or, sorghum), , Soybean, groundnut, mung bean, (or cowpea), , fr---- -..1, , All over semi-arid India, , Millet (or, sorghum), , Pigeon pea, All over semi-arid India, Linseed, chickpea, sunflower, wheat, horsebean, mustard, pigeonpea (or sweet potato), , Maize , rice, or fingennillet, , V, , Eastern India, , VERTISOLS, , Less assured rainy, season V"', , Sorghum/chickpea, (or safflower), Sorghum, , Mung bean, , Maize (or, sorghum), , Deccan plateau, , Pigeon pea, , ✓, , Decc an plateau, central, India, , Chickpea, chilli, safflower, pigeonpea, (or sorghum), , Sorghum (or maize), , Decc an plateau /, , Maize/so;r'.bean, , '}, , or, Soybean, , J, , A, J, Rainy season, , s, , 0, , N, , Cenr al India, , Whea t, , D, , J, , F, , M, , A, , ✓, , M, , Postr ainy seaso n, , in India ., Fig. 9.2. Major cropping systems of rainfed areas, , hum, chickpea, sunflower or coriand, land is kept fallow during rainy season followed by sorg, 9.2). However, double cropping can b, · on stored soil moisture during postrainy season (Fig., c·onditions, sorghum; pearlmillet or, practiced if the monsoon is relatively early. Under such, lower, safflower, chickpea 0, pulse crop can be taken during rainy season followed by sunf, , coriander in postrainy season. )