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\, \, , Respiration-The Energy Releasing System °, , , , , , , , , , , , nnn —— a WY TTC YE] 8) ed ale), , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Aerobic Anaerobic, respiration respiration, Mechanism, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , | Respiration Evolution in, " ore Respiratory systems, , Cellular Respiration { If, : Cutaneous Branchial, hI p- (3) (2), ( Gt fee. Events of Respiration, , Tracheal Pulmonary, , M |) @, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Scanned with CamScanner
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ayaa, , CBO n nO nn .0-- GED © -2--O-9--0-- 0-0-8, , 1., , 10., , 11., , Aerobic respiration: Oxidation of glucose in the presence of oxygen is, called aerobic respiration. High amount of energy Is released in it and, it is done in Cytoplasm and Mitochondria., , Anaerobic respiration : Oxidation of glucose in the absence of oxygen, is called anaerobic respiration. Less amount of energy is released in it, and it is done in cytoplasm., , . Alveoli: Lungs in all the vertibrates are made up of several thousands, , of chambers called alveoli. Alveoli are called the structural and, functional units of lungs. Gaseous exchange takes place in these, structures., , . Trachea: It is commonly called “wind pipe”. It starts from larynx (voice), , box and travels through neck and enters the thorasic cavity. And it is, supported by “C” shaped cartilagineous rings., , . Bronchi: In the chest cavity, the trachea divides into two tubes called, , “Bronchi” (Bronchus is singular)., , . Bronchiole: Each bronchus enters the lung on the same side and divides, , into smaller and smaller branches called “bronchiole”., , . Epiglottis: A cartilagenous flap called epiglottis acts as a lid over glottis, , and prevents the food to enter into larynx and trachea., , . Glottis : Pharynx is connected to larynx through a slit like opening, , called glottis., , Pyruvate: In the first stage of both aerobic and anaerobic respirations, oxidation of glucose forms two molecules of pyruvic acid (or) pyruvate, (glycolysis). Each pyruvic acid molecule has three carbon atoms., , Anabolic process: The process in which conversion of simple inorganic, , molecules into complex organic molecules takes place. Photosynthesis, , is the best example for it. Carbondioxide and water forms into, carbohydrates., , Catabolic process : The process in which the conversion of complex, organic molecules into simple inorganic molecules takes place. Best, , example is Respiration. Carbohydrates are oxidised into carbondioxide, and water., , Scanned with CamScanner
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12., 13., 14., 5., 16., 17., 18., 19,, , 20., , ‘2. ¢, , “22,, , 3B,, , o—ereprdte—e, Vitiated air: In the previous centurles carbondioxide was considered, as vitiated air, and was considered as gas of death., physiology: The branch of blology which deals with the functioning of, organs and organ systems Is called physiology., Inhalation : Taking of air (or) water Into the respiratory system from, outside is called inhalation. It is also called inspiration., Exhalation : Sending out the air (or) water from the respiratory system, to out of body is called exhalation. It is also called expiration., , "Bllucous membrane : The nasal cavities of respiratory system and the, , total digestive track is lined with special membrane which has rapidly, dividing cells and protects us from drying up of lungs and also traps, pathogens and dust., , Nasal cavities: There are tube like structures behind each nostril. Distally, they form small chamber like structures called nasal cavities. They are, lined with mucous membrane., , Diaphragm: Muscular wall like structure which is acting as floor to the, chest cavity and facilitating respiratory movements is called diaphragm., Nerve action has dominent role in its movements., , Blood capillaries: Very very fine branches of blood vessels are called, capillaries. They are not divided further and each one is in the size of a, cell. They are vein- -lets and arterioles., , Haemoglobin : : The pigment present in blood which helps in the, transport of oxygen and carbondioxide. This pigment contains a protein, (globin), iron (Haem) and organic molecule called porphryn., Haemoglobin i is present in cytoplasm of Erythrocytes., , Chlorophyll : The pigment present in the chloroplast is chlorophyll., This is responsible for the absorption of sunlight and uses that sunlight, to prepare food materials by the process of photosynthesis. This forms, reaction centres called PS | and PS Il., , Prokaryotes: (Pro: very primitive, karyos : nucleus, and ata: have) The, cells which have no nuclear membrane and real nucleus are called, prokaryotes. Eg: Bacterla and cyanobacteria,, , Eukaryotes : (Eu: real, karyos : nucleus and ata : have) The cells which, have real nucleus and nuclear membrane are called eukaryotes,, Eg : All vertebrate and Invertebrate cells,, , Scanned with CamScanner
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ms, , & D, ee rg a, cc = A, , , , [re ee ee ee, , 24, Oxygen debt: Oxygen whichis req, , 25. Oxidation: Addition of oxygen ato, , 26. Combustion ; Combustion is a process inw, , 27. Tracheal resp, 28. Branchial respiration : Respiration by gills i, 29. Cutaneous respiration :, 30. Pulmonary respiration :, , 31. Mangroves: Plants that are grown in se, mangroves. They have special modifications to tolerate in that areas., , ae, uired for th, y the severe exercise., , e reduction of lactic aci, , effects in muscles, that is formed b, , emoval of electrons from atom, , hydrogen atoms (or) R, Is is called respiration., , oxidation. Oxidation of food materia, , heat when organic molecule like sugar burns., , are also formed., iration : Respiration by trachea is ca, , respiration. It is seen in most of the insects., And it is also called gill respiration. It is seen in fishes., , respiration. Frogs and Salamandars are respiring by skin., , d, , ms is called oxidation. Removal of, s also called, , hich energy is released as, Carbondioxide and water, , lled tracheal, s called branchial respiration., Respiration by skin is called cutaneous, , Respiration by lungs is called pulmonary, , respiration. Most advanced type of respiration is pulmonary respiration., , ashore areas are called, , 32. Pranayama: The art of Yoga which helps to increase the lung capacity, and keeps the availability of the oxygen to cells more. Saint Pathanjali, , introduced this to the world., , ¢ The term respiration which had come from the latin word “respire”, meaning “to breathe”., , 2 Respiration is the process by which food is broken down for release, of energy and leads to final utilisation of food., , e It is only one process that releases energy. So it is called catabolic, process. And it is also called exorganic process and destructive process., , e Lavoisier thought that the gas liberated on heating powdered charcoal, in bell-jar kept over water in a trough was like fixed air. The next, series of experiments deals with the combustion of phosphorous in, bell-jar. From then he showed that whatever in atmospheric air, combined with phosphorus, was not water vapour., , |, |, |, |, |, |, |, |, |, |, |, |, |, |, |, , , , , , Scanned with CamScanner, , r
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Sun ened eeonetures « ehhh —e, Ca n— C parila eae asta leo aa a Sa et, Mow Chart of Cotal Respiration, Parent hing Gaseous Gaseous Gaseous Cellular, \ oxchange ‘Transport exchange Respiration, Air movement} Exchange of | Blood- Exchange of Glycolyais and, i} | inte and out | gases between | transports oxygen from Krebs cycle, | of Langs Alveoli and oxygen and Blood into, | Blood carbondioxide | cells and, | (capillaries to |earbondioxide, cells and cells |from cells, | to capillaries), Nostrils GLYCOLYSIS, it (C,H,,0, + 0,), “60126 7 V2, Nasal cavities CAPILLARIES BLOOD ', \{ it OF \, || Larynx ALVEOLI ALVEOLI 0, co, PYRUVATE, vt 0, co, 2, | Trachea BLOOD CELLS !, | i BLOOD 1, ||| Bronchi oO, co, KREBS CYCLE, | oe CELLS, Bronchioles |, tt co, + H,0, | 2 2, i] | Alveoli + energy, |, @ Respiration is very complex process of several biochemical and physical, | processes., |, || @ Air generally enters the body through the nostrils. Right and left nostrils, are separated by a septum called Nasal septum., || 6 Air is free from dust, pathogens and temperature of air is reduced by, | y, | Nasal cavities., ® Pharynx is called junction of both digestive and respiratory systems., | © Epiglottis is a flap like muscular valve, controlling the movement of, air and food towards their respective passages (It closes when we, q hen we take breath)., ) 8W allow food and opens w, |, —, , , , Scanned with CamScanner
