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UNIT VIII, BIOLOGY IN HUMAN WELFARE, , , , Chapter 8 Blolegy |s the youngest of the formetised alsciplines of natural, Human Health ond Disease science. Progress in physics ana chemistry proceeded much, , faster than in Biology. Applications of physics and chemistry in, Chapter? our dally life also have a higher visibility than those of biology., Strategies for Enhancement in However, twentieth century and certainly twenty-first century, Food Production hes demonstrated the utility of biological knowledge In, , furthering human welfare, be it in health sacter or agriculture., Chapter 10 The discovery of antibiotics, and synthetic plant-derived drugs,, Microbes in Kumen Welfare angesthetics have changed mecicel practice on one hand, , and human health on the other hand. Life expectancy of, human beings have dramatically changed over the years., Agricultural practices, food processing ond diagnostics have, brought socio-cultural changes in human communities. These, are briefly described in the following three chapters of this unit.
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Bom In August 1925 in Kumbakonarn in Tamil Nadu, Monkamlou Sambosivan, Swaminathan did his graduation and post-graduation in Botany from, Madras University. He worked in different capacities in large number of, Institutions In India ond abroad onc developed his expertise In genetics, ond plant breeding., , The School of Cytogenetics and Radiation Research established at the, Inclan Agriculture’ Research Institute (ARID enabled Swaminathan and his, tear to develop short-duration high-yielding varieties of ice including scented, Basmoti He is also known for the development of the concept of crop, cafeteria, crop scheduling and genetically mproving the yield and quality, , Swaminathan initiated collaboration with Norman Borlaug, which, culminated in the ‘Green Revolution’ through introduction of Mexican, M.S. SWaMINeTHAN ——Vegioties of wheat in India. This wes highly recognised and oppreciated. He, , oe 6 also the initiator of ‘Lab-ta-Land’, food security and several other, environmental programmes. He has been honoured with Padma Bhushan, ond several other prestigious awards, medals and fellowships by institutions, of excellence, , , , , , 2021-22
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CHAPTER 8, HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASE, , 8.1 Common Diseases in, , , , Humans, a2 1 ‘ny Health, fora long time, was considered as a state of body, and mind where there was a balance of certain ‘humors’., 83 AIDS This is what early Grecks like Hippocrates as well as, 84 Caner Indian Ayurveda system of medicine asserted. It was., , thought that persons with “blackbile’ belonged to hot, personality and would have fevers. This idea was arrived, at by pure reflective thought. The discovery of blood, circulation by William Harvey using experimental method, and the demonstration of normal body temperature in, persons with blackbile using thermometer disproved the, “good humor hypothesis of health. In later years, biology, stated that mind influences, through neural system and, endocrine system, our immune system and that our, immune system maintains our health. Henee, mind and, mental state can affect our health, Of course, health is, affected by =, ( genetic disorders - deficiencies with which a child ts, born and deficiencies /defects which the child inherits, from parents from birth;, (ii) infections and, (iii) life style including food and water we take, rest and, exercise we give to our bodies, habits that we have or, lack etc,, , 8&5 Drugs and Aleohol Abuse, , 2021-22
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BIOLOGY, , The term health is very frequently used by everybody. How do we, define it? Health does not simply mean ‘absence of disease’ or ‘physical, fitness’. It could be defined as a state of complete physical, mental and, social well-being. When people are healthy, they are more ellicient al, work. This increases productivity and brings economic prosperity. Health, also increases longevily of people and reduces infant and maternal, mortality., , Balanced diel, personal hygiene and regular exercise are very important, to maintain good health. Yoga has been practised since time immemorial, to achieve physical and mental Hwalih. Awareness aboul diseases ard, their effect on different bodily fujictions, vaccination (immunisation), againsl infectious disea’ :, and maintenance of hygic, for achieving good health., , When the functioning of one or mo, ly affec, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , of various signs and, e have a disease. Diseases, , 8.1 Common DISEASES IN HuMANS, , A wide range of organisms belonging to bacteria, viruses, fungi,, protozoans, helminths, ctc., could cause diseases in man. Such diseascecausing organisms are called pathogens. Most parasites are therefore, pathogens as they cause harm to the host by living in (or on) them. ‘The, pathogens can enter our body by various means, multiply and interfere, with normal vital activiticsefCsulting in hological and functional, damage. Pathogens hay€ to adapt to life withi » environment of the, host. For example, th@ pathogens that enter the g¥it must know a way of, surviving in the stomach at low pH and resis#fng the various digestive, , , , , , , pathogenic organisms are discussed here alongwith the diseases caused, by them. Preventive and control measures against these diseases ip, , , , may occur in severe cases. Typhoid fever could be confirmed by, , 2021-22
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HUMABLHEALTH AND DISEASE, , , , , of the infection, the alveoli, in respiration. The symptoms, ache, In severe CHSes,, , bacterial diseases in man., Many viruses also sia—human beings, , yyw of viruses whic i one anal, human ailmenté ; e common cold. Theyjipfect the nose, , . Rhino virus, nos imfectio, , , , passage bul. ne, , congestion and, tiredness, etc., which us, , , , , , , , TaIrse-—5 HilUat, “1te, ally last. for 3-7 day, cough or sneezes of an ifth i either inhaled directly or, transmitted through contaminated objects such as pens, books, cups,, doorknobs, computer keyboard or mouse, etc., and cause imection ina, healthy person, , Some 1eMuman diseases Yre caused by prolozoans loo. You might., have heard about malaria, a dj4case man has been fighting since many, years, Plasrnoctiurts: 4oan is responsible lor this disease. Diflerent., species of Plasmodium mri Ponaaria and P. falciparum) are, responsible for dillerent typés of malaria. OF these, malignatremmataria caused, by Plasmodium falciparumis the most serious one and can even be fatal., , Let us take a glance at the life cycle of Plasmodium (Figure 8.1)., Plasmodium enters the human body as sporozoites (infectious form), through the bite of infected female Anopheles mosquito. The parasites, initially multiply within the liver cells and then attack the red blood cells, (RBCs} resulting in their rupture. The rupture of RBCs is associated with, release ofa Loxic substarice, haemozoin, which is responsible for the chill, and high fever recurring every three to four days. When a female Anopheles, mosquito bites an infected person, these parasites enter the mosquito’s, body and undergo further development. The parasites multiply within, them to form sporozoites that are stored in their salivary glands. When, these mosquitoes bite a human, the sporozoites are introduced into his/, her body, thereby initiating the events mentioned above. It is interesting, to note that the malarial parasite requires two hosts —- human and, mosquitoes — to complete ils life cycle (Figure 8.1); the female Anopheles, mosquito is the vector (transmitting agent) too., , , , , , , , , , 2021-22, , , , , , , , , , , , , , cy)
