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Types of Computers, We can categorize computer in two ways: on the basis of, 1. Data handling capabilities, 2. Size., • On the basis of data handling capabilities, the computer is of, three types, 1. Analogue Computer, 2. Digital Computer, 3. Hybrid Computer, • On the basis of size, the computer can be of five types:, 1. Supercomputer, 2. Mainframe computer, 3. Minicomputer, 4. Workstation, 5. Microcomputer, , Analogue Computer, Analogue computers are designed to process analogue data. Analogue, data is continuous data that changes continuously and cannot have, discrete values. We can say that analogue computers are used where, we don't need exact values always such as speed, temperature,, pressure and current.
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Analogue computers directly accept the data from the measuring, device without first converting it into numbers and codes. They, measure the continuous changes in physical quantity and generally, render output as a reading on a dial or, scale. Speedometer and mercury thermometer are examples of, analogue computers., , Advantages of using analogue computers, • It allows real-time operations and computation at the same time and, continuous representation of all data within the rage of the analogue, machine.
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• In some applications, it allows performing calculations without, taking the help of transducers for converting the inputs or outputs to, digital electronic form and vice versa., • The programmer can scale the problem for the dynamic range of the, analogue computer. It provides insight into the problem and helps, understand the errors and their effects., , Digital Computer, • Digital computer is designed to perform calculations and logical, operations at high speed. It accepts the raw data as input in the, form of digits or binary numbers (0 and 1) and processes it with, programs stored in its memory to produce the output., • All modern computers like laptops, desktops including, smartphones that we use at home or office are digital computers., Advantages of digital computers, • It allows you to store a large amount of information and to, retrieve it easily whenever you need it., • You can easily add new features to digital systems more easily., • Different applications can be used in digital systems just by, changing the program without making any changes in hardware, • The cost of hardware is less due to the advancement in the IC, technology.
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• It offers high speed as the data is processed digitally., • It is highly reliable as it uses error correction codes., • Reproducibility of results is higher as the output is not affected by, noise, temperature, humidity, and other properties of its, components., Difference between analog and digital, Analog Computer, 1. It displays data in continuously form., 2. Its measurement unit is physical values like as temperature and, pressure., 3. Its signal’s type is electromagnetic wave., 4. Transmission of analog signal works as without its content., 5. It does not contain its memory unit and computing terminals., 6. No having input/output devices, 7. It enables physical devices to determine the continuously variable, data. For example – Thermometer, 8. Examples are – Speedometer, telephone lines, Astrolabe,, Oscilloscope, 9. Applications are – Determine of several physical quantities and, other scientific operations., 10. Components are resistors and capacitor., 11. Lack of abilities in all areas to digital computer, 12. Slow speed, 13. Need technical staff to operate it.
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14. Need low level of electrical noise in the circuit to get accuracy., Digital Computer, 1. It displays data in discretely form such as “0” and “1”., 2. It transform all data into binary form (0 and 1), and then it, executes all operations on them., 3. Its signal’s type is sequence of voltage pulses., 4. Its transmission is done with content of signal., 5. It contains memory unit for storing result., 6. Having input/output devices, 7. It produces the text or visual output along with highly accuracy., For examples – monitor and printer., 8. Examples are – All Personal Computers like as IBM PC, HP PC,, DELL PC, and more., 9. Applications are – Home Usage, small or large scale business and, other personal usages., 10. Components are logic gates, processors and toggle switches., 11. It can emulate of all behavior of analog computers., 12. Faster to Analog computer, 13. No need qualified staff to operate it., 14. No effect of electrical noise in digital computer, , Hybrid Computer
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• Hybrid computer has features of both analogue and digital, computer. It is fast like an analogue computer and has memory, and accuracy like digital computers. It can process both, continuous and discrete data., • It accepts analogue signals and convert them into digital form, before processing. So, it is widely used in specialized applications, where both analogue and digital data is processed., • For example, a processor is used in petrol pumps that converts, the measurements of fuel flow into quantity and price. Similarly,, they are used in airplanes, hospitals, and scientific applications., , Advantages of using hybrid computers, • Its computing speed is very high due to the all-parallel, configuration of the analogue subsystem., • It produces precise and quick results that are more accurate and, useful., • It has the ability to solve and manage big equation in real-time., • It helps in the on-line data processing., , Supercomputer, Supercomputers are the biggest and fastest computers. They are, designed to process huge amount of data. A supercomputer
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can process trillions of instructions in a second. It has thousands of, interconnected processors., Supercomputers are particularly used in scientific and engineering, applications such as weather forecasting, scientific simulations and, nuclear energy research. The first supercomputer was developed, by Roger Cray in 1976., • It’s Most Powerful Computer, • Fastest, Biggest and Most expensive, • Multi and parallel processing, • First Super computer of world CRAY 1 (1960) Seymour Cray, • First Super COMPUTER of India – PARAM by C-DAC (Centre for, Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) India.)in 1991, • India's Fastest Super Computer – SAGA-220 (Indian Space, Research Organization), • World's Fastest Super Computer Japanese fugaku, , Mainframe computer, Mainframe computers are designed to support hundreds or thousands, of users simultaneously. They can support multiple programs at the, same time. It means they can execute different processes, simultaneously. These features of mainframe computers make them, ideal for big organizations like banking and telecom sectors, which need, to manage and process high volume of data.
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Mainframe computers are designed to support hundreds or thousands, of users simultaneously. They can support multiple programs at the, same time. It means they can execute different processes, simultaneously. These features of mainframe computers make them, ideal for big organizations like banking and telecom sectors, which need, to manage and process a high volume of data that requires integer, operations such as indexing, comparisons, etc., •, •, •, •, •, , Great processing opened and data storage medium, Thousands of users at a time, Used as Server, Business, Scientific Application, UNIVAC 1110, IBM 370, , Minicomputer, It is a midsize multiprocessing computer. It consists of two or more, processors and can support 4 to 200 users at one time. Miniframe, computers are used in institutes and departments for tasks such as, billing, accounting and inventory management. A minicomputer lies, between the mainframe and microcomputer as it is smaller than, mainframe but larger than a microcomputer., • Multiuser Application – 100-150users simultaneously, • Minicomputer converts into super minicomputer by using the, 80836 superchip, • Industries, Research (High storage and processing)
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• IBM 17 DEC, PDP-II, HP 9000, AS-400, , Workstation, Workstation is a single user computer that is designed for technical or, scientific applications. It has a faster microprocessor, a large amount of, RAM and high speed graphic adapters. It generally performs a specific, job with great expertise; accordingly, they are of different types such, as graphics workstation, music workstation and engineering design, workstation., Five Features of computer for workstation, Any computer that has the following five features, can be used as a, workstation., • Multiple Processor Cores: It has more processor cores than, simple laptops or computers., • ECC RAM: It is provided with Error-correcting code memory that, can fix memory errors before they affect the system's, performance., • RAID (Redundant Array of Independent Disks): It refers to, multiple internal hard drives to store or process data. RAID can be, of different types, for example, there can be multiple drives to, process data or mirrored drives where if one drive does not work, than other starts functioning.
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• SSD (Solid State Drive): It is better than conventional hard-disk, drives. It does not have moving parts, so the chances of physical, failure are very less., • Optimized, Higher end GPU: It reduces the load on CPU. E.g., CPU, has to do less work while processing the screen output., , Microcomputer, Microcomputer is also known as a personal computer. It is a generalpurpose computer that is designed for individual use. It has a, microprocessor as a central processing unit, memory, storage area,, input unit and output unit. Laptops and desktop computers are, examples of microcomputers. They are suitable for personal work that, may be making an assignment, watching a movie, or at office for office, work., • CPU Consists of Micro Processor (Integrated Circuit), • Hardware – System Unit, Input-Output Device, Secondary, Storage Device & Communication, • Processing Speed : 1Lac Process Per Second, • Example: Desktop, Laptop, Smartphone, Note book, PDA, • Used in Business, Home and Entertainment
