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2., FROM HUNTING–, GATHERING TO, GROWING FOOD

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OVERVIEW, 1., 2., 3., 4., 5., 6., , 4, , The earliest people: why were they on the y on they on the move ?, How do we know about these people ?, Choosing a place to live in ., The beginning of farming and herding ., A new way of lify of lif y of life ., Towards a settled life .

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hunter-gatherers, ⬗, , They hunted wild animals, caught fish and birds, gathered fruits, roots, nuts, seeds,, leaves, stalks and eggs., , ⬗, 1., 2., , Hunter-gatherers moved from place to place. There are many reasons for this:-, , 3., 4., , 5, , Had to go elsewhere in search of food., Animals move from place to place — either in search of smaller prey, or, in the case of, deer and wild cattle, in search of grass and leaves. That is why those who hunted them, had to follow their movements., Moved from season to season in search of different kinds of plants., Many rivers and lakes are perennial (with water throughout the year) others are, seasonal. People living on their banks would have had to go in search of water during, the dry seasons (winter and summer).

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How do we know about these people?, ⬗ It is likely that people made and used tools of stone, wood and bone, ⬗ Used to cut meat and bone, scrape bark (from trees) and hides (animal skins),, chop fruit and roots, to make spears and arrows for hunting., ⬗ Other tools were used to chop wood, which was used as firewood. Wood was, also used to make huts and tools., , 6

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⬗ Archaeologists have found evidence of huntergatherers. ( PLACES WITH BLACK, TRIANGLES ), ⬗ Many sites were located near sources of water,, such as rivers and lakes, places where good, quality stone was easily available, , 7

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TECHNIQUES OF MAKING STONE TOOLS!, 1. STONE ON STONE :- One stone used, as hammer on another., 2. PRESSURE FLAKING :- Core, placed on firm surface and hammer, stone used to remove flakes., , 8

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PATNE, MAHARASHTRA :- OSTRICHES SHELL,  Found in patne, Maharashtra,  Paleolithic period,  Ostrich shells- designed and used for beads, , 9

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SITES, ⬗ Places where the remains of things (tools, pots, buildings etc.) were found., ⬗ These were made, used and left behind by people. These may be found on, the surface of the earth, buried under the earth, or sometimes even under, water., , ⬗ E.G. an old site with caves and rock shelters., , 10

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BHIMBETKA, ⬗ (in present day Madhya Pradesh)., These rock shelters are close to the Narmada valley, ⬗ People chose these natural caves because they provided, shelter from the rain, heat and wind., ⬗ Many caves have paintings on the walls ., , 11

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“, , KURNOOL CAVES, , Traces of ash have been found here. This, suggests that people were familiar with the, use of fire ., , 12

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“, , HUNSGI, , A number of early Paleolithic, sites were found here., Use of limestones was, prominent., contained stone tools and, weapons made from a reddishbrown chert., 13

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NAMES AND DATES :PALEOLITHIC, 2 million years ago to about 12,000, , years ago., Lower, Middle and Upper, , Palaeolithic, palaeo’, meaning old, and ‘lithos’,, , meaning stone, stone tools., , 14

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NAMES AND DATES :MESOLITHIC, 12,000 years ago till about 10,000 years, , ago, environmental changes, Stone tools found during this period are, , generally tiny, and are called microliths, As handles of bone or wood to make tools, , such as saws and sickles, , 15

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NAMES AND DATES :NEOLITHIC, 10,000 years ago, Farming and herding, Tools that were polished to give a fine, , cutting edge, and mortars and pestles used, for grinding grain and other plant produce., , 16

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beginning of farming and herding :12,000 years ago, major changes in the climate of the world, shift to relatively, warm conditions.,  development of grasslands.,  increase in the number of deer, antelope, goat, sheep and cattle, i.e. animals, that survived on grass., Those who hunted these animals now followed them, learning about their, food habits and their breeding seasons. It is likely that this helped people to, start thinking about herding and rearing these animals themselves, , 18

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EVOLUTION :FOOD GATHERER, DOMESTICATION OFANIMALS, HUNTER, AGRICULTURE, 19

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FARMING, Several grain bearing grasses, including wheat, barley and rice grew naturally in, different parts of the subcontinent., HERDING AND DOMESTICATION, People could also attract and then tame animals by leaving food for them near, their shelters., The first animal to be tamed was the wild ancestor of the dog. Later, people, encouraged animals that were relatively gentle to come near the camps where, they lived. These animals such as sheep, goat, cattle and also the pig lived in, herds, and most of them ate grass., Often, people protected these animals from attacks by other wild animals., 20

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A NEW WAY OF LIFE, Had to stay in the same place for a long time looking after the, plants, watering, weeding, driving away animals and birds — till, the grain ripened., As grain had to be stored for both food and seed, they began, making large clay pots, or wove baskets, or dug pits into the, ground., Animals multiply naturally. Besides, if they are looked after, carefully, they provide important source of food, and meat,, whenever required., 22

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TOWARDS A SETTLED LIFE, ⬗ Archaeologists have found traces of huts or houses at some sites., ⬗ Burzahom (in present-day Kashmir), people built pit-houses, which were dug into the ground, with steps leading, into them. These may have provided shelter in cold weather. also found cooking, hearths both inside and outside the huts., ⬗ Earthen pots have also been found. These were sometimes decorated, and were, used for storing things. People began using pots for cooking food, especially, grains like rice, wheat and lentils., , 23

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MEHRGARH, Located in a fertile plain, near the Bolan Pass, which is one of the, most important routes into Iran., Remains of square or rectangular houses. Each house had four or, more compartments, some of which may have been used for, storage., When people die, their relatives and friends generally pay respect, to them,in the belief that there is some form of life after death., Burial is one such arrangement., The dead person was buried with goats,, which were probably meant to serve as, food in the next world., 24

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DAOJALI HADING, On the hills near Brahmaputra valley, Near routes to china and Myanmar, Stone tools: mortars and pestles, Grow grain & prepare food, Jadeite, (stone brought from china ), Tools of fossil wood & pottery, 25

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A NEOLITCHIC SITE, CATAL HUYUK ,in Turkey., , Several things were brought from great distances —, flint from Syria,, cowries from the Red Sea,, shells from the Mediterranean Sea — and used in the settlement., There were no carts — most things would have been, carried on the backs of pack animals such as cattle or by people ., , 26

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Paleolithic cave paintings, LASCAUX,in FRANCE., , a Palaeolithic cave situated in southwestern France, near the village of, Montignac in the Dordogne region,  Exceptional quality , size ,,  Sophistication and antiquity.,  Estimated to be up to 20000 years old,  The paintings consist primarily of large animals,  E.G :, Aurochs – an older wild form of cattles, 27

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TAKEAWAYS, ⬗ TRUE OR FALSE :(a)Hunter-gatherers chose to live in caves and rock, shelters because they provided shelter from the rain,, heat and wind ., (b) Grasslands developed around 12,000 years ago.

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Thanks!, , 29

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3., IN THE EARLIEST CITIES, 3

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OVERVIEW,  HOW WE CAME TO KNOW ABOUT IT ?, HARAPPA, MOHENJO DARO, KALIBANGAN AND LOTHAL, HOUSES, DRAINS AND STREETS, LIFE IN THE CITY, NEW CRAFTS IN THE CITY,  RAW MATERIAL AND FOOD FOR PEOPLE IN THE CITIES, A CLOSER LOOK — HARAPPAN TOWNS IN GJ, SEALS AND SEALINGS, , 4

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“, , The Earliest, Cities in the, sub continent, , 5

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HOW WE CAME TO KNOW ABOUT IT??,  British rule - construction of railway lines,  British started excavation ., , 6

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HARAPPA,  The first city to be discovered, all other sites, from where similar buildings (and other things) were found, were described as HARAPPA, ,  Cities were divided into two or more parts. Usually, the part to the, west was smaller but higher (Citadel ), ,  The part to the east was larger but lower. ( lower town )., Very often walls of baked brick were built around each part ( in an, interlocking pattern and that made the walls strong )., , 7

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MOHENJO DARO,  In some cities, special buildings, were constructed on the CITADEL., ,  Great Bath, was built in this area. This was lined with bricks,, coated with plaster, and made water-tight with a layer of, natural tar. There were steps, while there were rooms on all, sides. Water was probably brought in from a well, and, drained out after use., ,  Perhaps important people took a dip in this tank on special, occasions., , 8

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KALIBANGAN AND LOTHAL, Had fire altars, where sacrifices may, have been performed ., , 9

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HOUSES, DRAINS AND STREETS,  Houses were either one or two storeys high, with, rooms built around a courtyard., ,  Had a separate bathing area, and some had wells to, supply water., , Had covered drains. Each drain had a gentle slope so, that water could flow through it. Very often, drains in, houses were connected to those on the streets and, smaller drains led into bigger ones. Inspection holes were, provided at intervals to clean them., , 10

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LIFE IN THE CITY, RULERS :People who planned the construction of special buildings, kept the most valuable objects, such as ornaments of gold and silver, SCRIBES :People who knew how to write, who helped prepare the seals ., CRAFTS PERSON :Making all kinds of things — either in their own homes, or in special, workshops. travelling to distant lands or returning with raw materials and,, perhaps, stories. Many terracotta toys have been found and children must, have played with these., , 11

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NEW CRAFTS IN THE CITY, , Copper and bronze - used to make tools, weapons, ornaments., Gold and silver- used to make ornaments and vessels ., Also made seals out of stone ( generally rectangular and usually have an, animal carved on them )., The Harappans also made pots with beautiful black designs., 12

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NEW CRAFTS IN THE CITY, Actual pieces of cloth were found attached to the lid of a silver vase and, some copper objects at Mohenjodaro., Spindle whorls, made of terracotta and faience. These were used to spin, thread., Cotton in Mehrgarh.(Grown at Mehrgarh around 5000BC)., , 13

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IN SEARCH OF RAW MATERIALS,  Copper from present-day Rajasthan, and even from Oman in West, Asia., ,  Tin, which was mixed with copper to produce bronze, - brought, from present-day Afghanistan and Iran., , Gold - from present-day Karnataka, and,  Precious stones - from present-day Gujarat, Iran and Afghanistan., , 14

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FOOD FOR PEOPLE IN THE CITIES, ◈Farmers and herders supplied food to crafts persons, scribes and rulers in, the cities., , ◈Grew wheat, barley, pulses, peas, rice, sesame, linseed and mustard., ◈ A new tool, the plough, was used to dig the earth for turning the soil and, planting seeds., , ◈As this region does not receive heavy rainfall, some form of irrigation, may have been used., , ◈The Harappans reared cattle, sheep, goat and buffalo., 15

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A CLOSER LOOK — HARAPPAN TOWNS IN GJ, ◈ DHOLAVIRA was located on Khadir Beyt in the Rann of Kutch,, where there was fresh water and fertile soil., , ◈ Divided into three parts, and each part was surrounded with massive, stone walls, with entrances through gateways. There was also a large, open area in the settlement, where public ceremonies could be held, , ◈ Other finds include large letters of the Harappan script ,carved out of, white stone and perhaps inlaid in wood. This is a unique find as, generally Harappan writing has been found on small objects such as, seals., , 16

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LOTHAL stood beside a tributary of the, Sabarmati, in Gujarat, close to the Gulf of, Khambat., It was situated near areas where raw materials such as semi-precious stones, were easily available, for making objects out of stone, shell and metal., Huge tank may have been a dockyard, where boats and ships came in from, the sea and through the river channel. Goods were probably loaded and, unloaded here., , 17

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SEALS AND SEALINGS, , Seals may have been used to stamp bags or packets containing goods, that were sent from one place to another., After a bag was closed or tied, a layer of wet clay was applied on the, knot, and the seal was pressed on it., , A Harappan seal :- Those scripts is the earliest, form of writing known in the subcontinent ., , 18

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THE MYSTERY OF THE END, Sites in Sind and west Punjab (present-day Pakistan) were abandoned,, while many people moved into newer, smaller settlements to the east and, the south., SCHOLARS SUGGEST THAT :-, , 1. The rivers dried up, 2. There was deforestation, 3. In some areas there were floods., But none of these reasons can explain the end of all the cities., 19

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New cities emerged, about 1400 years, later.

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EGYPT, Kings sent armies to distant lands to get gold,, silver, ivory, timber, and precious stones., They also built huge tombs, known as pyramids. When they died, the, bodies of kings were preserved and buried in these pyramids ‘mummies’, Objects buried with them:- included food and drink, clothes, ornaments,, utensils, musical instruments, weapons and animals. Sometimes even, serving men and women were buried with the rulers ., 21

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TAKEAWAYS, MATCH THE COLUMN :Copper, Gold, Tin, Precious stones, , Gujarat, Afghanistan, Rajasthan, Karnataka, 22

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THANKS !